PURPOSE: This study was designed to test and develop a structural model that explains health promotion behaviors of elementary school students in Korea. METHOD: Data were collected using questionnaires from 329 6th-grade elementary school students in a city. The data were analyzed using LISREL 8.0 program. RESULT: Health promoting behaviors were directly affected by some of predictive factors particularly self-efficacy, self-esteem, perceived health status, importance of health and internal locus of control. These predictive variables of health promotion behaviors explained 67% of the total variance in the model. Life satisfaction was directly affected by self-efficacy, health promotion behaviors, self-esteem, importance of health, internal locus of control and perceived health status. Powerful other locus of control was identified as an important variable that contributed indirectly to the improvement of life satisfaction through enhancing health promoting behaviors. These predictive variables of life satisfaction explained 46% of the total variance in the model. CONCLUSION: The derived model in this study is considered appropriate in predicting health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction in elementary school students in Korea. Also it can be used effectively as a reference model for further study, and it is suggest that this study be used to set the direction of health promoting education.
Education ; Health Promotion* ; Humans ; Internal-External Control ; Korea ; Models, Structural* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on headaches in children. METHOD: A quasi experimental pre-test and post (1,2,3)-test design was used. Data were collected from March 2 to April 16 2001. Forty children were assigned to an experimental (20) or control group (20). The experimental group received Hand-Acupuncture therapy on the meridian point; A30, A31, A32, A33, E8, I2, M2, M3, M5, B25, B26, B27 for each 3 minutes, while the control group rested on a bed. Data were analyzed using the SAS program with chi2-test, t-test, repeated measured ANOVA, and ANCOVA. RESULT: In the experimental group, descriptive headache intensity (f=64.33, p=0.00), numeric headache intensity (F=74.69, 122.50, 7.52. p=0.00), and medication requirements (chi2=19.00, p=0.00) were significantly lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for reduction of headaches. Therefore, hand acupuncture therapy can be considered an independent nursing intervention for reducing headaches in children.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Child* ; Hand ; Headache* ; Humans ; Nursing ; Child Health

OBJECTIVES: This descriptive study was conducted to examine the degree of stress, coping styles, communication with the mother and depression between headache-suffering children and headache-free children and to explore predicted factors for headache occurrence in children. METHOD: The subjects of this study consisted of 196 headache-free children and 107 headache-suffering children. They were 4th-6th graders of an elementary school in T city. The instruments in this study were David's stressor of children, Lazarus & Folkman's Stress Coping Style, PACI (Parent-Adolescent Communication Inventory) by Barnes & Olsen and Kovac's CDI (Children's depression inventory). Data were collected from May 2 to July 16, 2004. RESULTS: Total stress(t=-3.76, p=.035), school stress(t=-3.02, p=.001), mass media stress(t=-1.39, p=.029) and depression(t=7.62, p=.001) in headache-suffering children were significantly higher than those of headache-free children. Problem-oriented coping skills (t=1.23, p=.023), and the score of communication with the mother (t=2.32, p=.012) in headache-suffering children were lower than those of headache-free children. Logistic regression analysis (stepwise) showed that the most powerful predictor was stressors in school, followed by depression, stressors in mass media and communication with the mother. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that important factors such as the degree of school stress, depression, the degree of mass media stress, communication with the mother and problem-oriented coping skills should be controlled for reducing of headaches in children.
Stress, Psychological/complications ; Mother-Child Relations ; Male ; Humans ; Headache/etiology/*psychology ; Female ; Child ; Adaptation, Psychological

Recurrent abdominal pain(RAP) occurs in 8-10% of elementary school children. It is suspected that functional causes are about 90% and organic causes about 10% for the recurrent abdominal pain. RAP is treated by antispasmodics or analgesics or antidiarrheal drugs in school health rooms. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture on recurrent abdominal pain of children. The duration of this study was from April to July, 2001. The subjects were the grade 4th-6th elementary students complaining recurrent abdominal pain. Total subjects were 46 cases; 23 cases of which were placed in experimental and the others in control group. The results of this study were as follows; 1.Numeric-pain-intensity of experimental group received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. 2.Probed current in stomach corresponding point (A12) of experimental received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. 3.Medication requirement rate of experimental group received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. The following suggestions with the results of the study would be made like these; 1.Stimulation implement of Koryo-Hand- Acupuncture should be used independently and each effect should be investigated. 2. With repeated studies for various signs and diseases, the effect of Koryo-Hand- Acupuncture must be verified.
Abdominal Pain* ; Acupuncture ; Analgesics ; Antidiarrheals ; Child* ; Humans ; Parasympatholytics ; School Health Services ; Stomach ; Child Health

Recurrent abdominal pain(RAP) occurs in 8-10% of elementary school children. It is suspected that functional causes are about 90% and organic causes about 10% for the recurrent abdominal pain. RAP is treated by antispasmodics or analgesics or antidiarrheal drugs in school health rooms. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture on recurrent abdominal pain of children. The duration of this study was from April to July, 2001. The subjects were the grade 4th-6th elementary students complaining recurrent abdominal pain. Total subjects were 46 cases; 23 cases of which were placed in experimental and the others in control group. The results of this study were as follows; 1.Numeric-pain-intensity of experimental group received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. 2.Probed current in stomach corresponding point (A12) of experimental received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. 3.Medication requirement rate of experimental group received Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture was decreased more than that of control group received mock Koryo-Hand-Acupuncture significantly. The following suggestions with the results of the study would be made like these; 1.Stimulation implement of Koryo-Hand- Acupuncture should be used independently and each effect should be investigated. 2. With repeated studies for various signs and diseases, the effect of Koryo-Hand- Acupuncture must be verified.
Abdominal Pain* ; Acupuncture ; Analgesics ; Antidiarrheals ; Child* ; Humans ; Parasympatholytics ; School Health Services ; Stomach ; Child Health

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on intermittent abdominal pain in children. METHOD: A quasi experimental pre-test and post (1,2)-test design was used. Data was collected from May, 2002 to February, 2003. Forty children were assigned to the experimental (20) or control group (20). The experimental group received Hand-Acupuncture therapy on the meridian point; A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, E22, E45 for 20 minutes, while the control group rested on the bed. Data was analyzed using the SAS program with Fisher's Exact chi2 test, repeated measured ANOVA, and ANCOVA. RESULT: In the experimental group, pain intensity (f=63.26, p=0.00), A12(A)(F=60.40, p=0.00), and medication requirement (chi2=32.63, p=0.00) were significantly lower than that of the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for reduction of intermittent abdominal pain. Therefore, hand acupuncture therapy can be considered an independent nursing intervention for reducing intermittent abdominal pain.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Child ; Adolescent ; *Acupuncture Therapy/methods ; Acupuncture Points ; Acupressure ; Abdominal Pain/*therapy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors influencing 6th graders' alcohol drinking. METHODS: Data were collected by questionnaires from 524 6th-graders in G City. The data were analyzed using SAS 9.1.3 programme. RESULTS: Of the children, 63.7% had no education about drinking, implying that drinking prevention education is not done properly in elementary schools. In addition, 70.6% of the children experienced drinking. Among those who had drinking experience, 24.9% experienced the first drinking before entrance into elementary school and this was the highest percentage. Logistic regression analysis showed that the predictors are religion, family type, mother's drinking frequency, and alcohol attitude. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that complementing home environment and parenting education would be effective for reducing children's drinking. Also, it is recommended that drinking prevention programs for children should be developed in consideration of various factors affecting children's drinking including the factors identified in the present study, and the effectiveness of those programs should be assessed.
Alcohol Drinking ; Child ; Complement System Proteins ; Drinking ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Phenothiazines ; Republic of Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was designed to identify the effects of heat therapy on dysmenorrhea, heat being provided using a far infrared rays heating element. METHODS: The research design for the study was a non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design. Participants were 22 students for the experimental group, and 26 students for the control group. Data were analyzed using SAS WIN 9.1 program. RESULTS: The experimental group had significantly lower mean scores for menstrual pain, dysmenorrhea, and blood pressure than those in the control group. However, no significant differences were found between two groups for pulse, respiration, and temperature. CONCLUSION: These findings show that thermotherapy was effective for reduction of menstrual pain, dysmenorrhea, and B/P. Therefore, this therapy could be used as a nursing intervention for students with dysmenorrhea.
Abdomen/radiation effects ; Adolescent ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Body Temperature/physiology ; Child ; Dysmenorrhea/prevention & control/*therapy ; Female ; Heart Rate/physiology ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; *Infrared Rays ; Respiration

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors contributing to internet addiction in 4th, 5th, and 6th graders from low income families. METHODS: Participants for this study were 201 4th, 5th, and 6th graders from low income families living in Taegu. Data were collected from March, 2 to May, 29, 2013 using self-report structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS/Win 20.0 programme. RESULTS: Among the students, 78.6% were regular users, 14.4% were potential users, and 7.0% were high-risk users. The factors influencing internet addiction, in order of importance, were; conversation with family, followed by depression. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that efforts should make to monitor use of internet by elementary school children from low income families, and preventive strategies should be developed taking into consideration factors that influence internet addiction.
Child ; Daegu ; Depression ; Humans ; Internet* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on dysmenorrhea(pain, related symptoms, ADL). METHOD: A quasi experimental pre-test and post-test design(experimental group 20, control group 20 by convenience assignment) was used. Data were collected from March to October 2004. The experimental group participated in the treatment(acupuncture & moxibustion on A1(haeum), A4(jaso), A5(samsin), A6(samcho), A8(sinje), A12(wijung), A16(simgyeok), F4(gongson), F6(eumryeom) and ALTENS which is an acupuncture like transcutaneous nerve stimulation), while the control group did not receive any treatment. Data were analyzed using the SAS programme with Fisher's exact chi2 test, paired t-test, and ANCOVA. RESULTS: In the experimental group, pain intensity(f=33.31 p=0.00), related symptoms(t=4.06 p=0.00), ADL difficulty(t=3.85 p=0.00), and medication requirements(X(2)=21.00 p=0.00) were significantly lower than those in the control group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for reduction of dysmenorrhea. Therefore, hand acupuncture therapy is considered as an independent nursing intervention for reducing dysmenorrhea.
Activities of Daily Living ; Acupuncture Therapy* ; Acupuncture* ; Dysmenorrhea* ; Female ; Hand* ; Moxibustion ; Nursing ; Child Health