Background: Close reading is used in medical education to improve doctors’ listening, empathy and relationship-building ability, but no method for close reading has been suggested yet. In order to efficiently use close reading in medical education, it is essential to present concrete methods of close reading. Methods: The development of the Close Reading methods is based on the basic principles of text interpretation, resources of knowledge in the evaluation process and the theory of variation analysis presented by Lucius-Hoene and Deppermann. Results: The basic principles of text interpretation include data-orientedness, reconstructive attitude, prerequisites for meaningfulness, multilevel consideration, sequence analysis and contextuality, circularity and coherence, explicativity and argumentativity. As knowledge resources there is everyday knowledge, ethographic-historical knowledge, knowledge about linguistic-communicative phenomena, theoretical knowledge. Variation analysis includes substitution, deletion, permutation, insertion. Conclusion The basic principle of text interpretation is worth using as guidelines for text interpretation that readers of close reading should pay attention to. Knowledge resources can be used as the resources and argument for text interpretation. And the Variation analysis can be used to verify the validity of the close reading results. All of these can also be used for teachers in assessing and providing feedback to learners.

Purpose: : In order to successfully conduct an organ procurement interview between the coordinator and the family of the brain dead, it is important to understand the conditions and factors of an efficient organ procurement interview. Methods: : This research uses a literature research. At first I explored the related literature found in the Google Scholar search engine. Subsequently, additional related literature was found in the reference of the literature. The contents related to the subject of this study were identified through close reading of 20 selected literature on organ procurement interviews. Then, appropriate keywords were assigned to the found contents, and the keywords were classified into categories according to the contents. Results: : 14 conditions and factors affecting the effective organ procurement interview were identified: Detailed informing on treatment and diagnostic procedures for the brain dead, effectively delivering bad news of the physicians; understanding and acceptance of brain death, emotional stability, dispositions and values, recognition of the will to donate expressed by the brain dead, positive perception of medical staff, sufficient knowledge about brain death and organ donation of the family of the brain dead; creating an appropriate environment for the interview, listening and empathy, providing accurate and detailed information on organ donation, disposition and qualification, communication and relationship building skills, preparation for the interview of the coordinators. Conclusion : The results of this study can be used as a guideline to efficiently conduct the organ procurement interview and for organ procurement interview education of coordinators.

Informed consent (IC) should be a form of communication between a physician and patient in which information regarding all options of a medical procedure and the patient's preference is shared. The aim of this study was to create a standard for communication by IC for physicians. The IC standard was developed based on an analysis of a dialogue in our previous experience with a medical communication program and a review of the literature. The dialogue pattern of the IC standard had the following six elements: opening; orientation; disclosure of information; conforming and complementing; shared decision making; and closing. Factors that influenced effective IC-based communication included preparation, attitude, empathy, listening, a psychosocial factor, nonverbal communication, explanation, and understanding. The IC communication standard will be useful in improving the quality of communication between a physician and patient in obtaining IC. It will also be used as a guideline for communication educators and medical students. Innovative strategies and rigorous studies are needed to improve IC counseling to establish effective patient-centered interviews.
Complement System Proteins ; Counseling ; Decision Making ; Disclosure ; Empathy ; Humans ; Informed Consent* ; Nonverbal Communication ; Psychology ; Students, Medical

PURPOSE: This study was done to explore communication between nurses during preceptorship. METHODS: A qualitative study, using content analysis was conducted. Semistructured interviews were held with 10 nurses working in urban hospitals. RESULTS: A total of 226 significant statements were selected from the data and classified into 4 categories and 23 subcategories. Communication experiences of new nurses' own performance were responses to reproach - acceptance and apology, and unresponsiveness due to feeling small and uncomfortable; responses to questions - misanswer; responses to directions - unconditional acceptance. Communication experiences of new nurses' performance by nurse preceptors were kindness, stigmatization, talking behind one's back, criticism and reproach, impolite words, and emotional expression. Communication experiences of nurse preceptors's own performance were directives, sympathy, reproach, unkindness, authoritative strictness, and nonverbal expression: being cold, and lessening of tension. Communication experiences of nurse preceptors' performance by new nurses were response to criticism - recognition and apology for mistakes, evasion of responsibility, and excuses; responses to explanations-active acceptance, and difficulty with communication due to lack of comprehension. CONCLUSION: These results provide deep understanding of nurses' communication during preceptorship and should help in developing comprehensive education programs for preceptor nurses and new nurses.
Comprehension ; Education ; Hospitals, Urban ; Preceptorship* ; Qualitative Research ; Stereotyping