No abstract available.
Renal Insufficiency*

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of enterovirus (EV) infections in children at a secondary hospital during recent 5 years. METHODS: We collected the cerebrospinal fluid, stool and throat swab samples from the pediatric patients with suspected EV infections in KEPCO Medical Center, Seoul, Korea from July 2006 to September 2010. EV detection and genotype identification were performed by RT-PCR at Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. RESULTS: A total of 386 samples were collected from 277 patients during study period. Ninety-eight patients (35.4%) were diagnosed with EV infections. The RT-PCR positive rate was the highest in throat swab samples (48.3%). The median age of patient was 4.7 years (range, 0.1-12.5 years). Aseptic meningitis (50, 51.0%) was the most common clinical manifestation; herpangina (22, 22.4%) and hand-foot-mouth disease (18, 18.4%). One hundred EVs were isolated from 98 patients and 20 genotypes of EV were identified; Echovirus 30 (28 cases, 28%), Enterovirus 71 (12 cases, 12%), Echovirus 25 (10 cases, 10%), Echovirus 9 (9 cases, 9%) and Coxsackievirus A6 (8 cases, 8%). Aseptic meningitis caused by Echovirus 30 was the most common manifestation in 2008. There was no complicated case caused by Enterovirus 71. CONCLUSION: This study showed the epidemiology of confirmed EV infection in children from 2006 to 2010. There is a need for continuous surveillance of EV infections and its clinical manifestations.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Child ; Echovirus 9 ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus B, Human ; Enterovirus Infections ; Genotype ; Herpangina ; Humans ; Korea ; Meningitis, Aseptic ; Pharynx

BACKGROUND: Experimental data indicate that low-flow reperfusion following prolonged cardiocirculatory arrest may aggravate early cerebral microcirculatory repefusion disorders. We investigated the influence of cerebral repefusion flow change to the ischemic histopathologic damage of brain tissue after incomplete forebrain ischemia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were undergone ligation of both infernal carotid artery by microvascular clamp for 10 minutes. After release of the clamp, reperfusion was started with several different flow levels (0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100%) of infernal carotid artery comparing to pre-clamping phase using flowmeter. After 15minutes of reperfusion, rat brains were prepared by perfusion-fixation with 3% formaldehyde. Under light microscopic examination of Hematoxylin-Eosin stained tissue slide, histopathologic damage was examined at cortex, putamen, and hippocampus regions. Categorical hisotopathologic damage scores were derived in each regions by manual counts of ischemic neurons. RESULT: The histopathologic damage scores were 0, 10. 2+/-0.5, 7.6+/-1.5, 5.9+/-1.4, 5.0+/- 2.8, 3.5+/-0.7, and 1.0+/-0.0 in control, 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100% reperfusion groups, respectively(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our insults showed significant increment of brain histopathologic damage scores along with decreasing amount of cerebral reperfusion know after incomplete forebrain ischemia. We believe restoration of repefusion flow to pre-ischemic level would be a critical component in attenuation of brain ischemic damage.
Animals ; Brain ; Carotid Arteries ; Flowmeters ; Formaldehyde ; Hippocampus ; Ischemia* ; Ligation ; Models, Animal* ; Neurons ; Prosencephalon* ; Putamen ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion*

Presented a 39 year old man of cerebral malaria and pertinent literature were reviewed briefly. The patient was admitted because of fever and drowsy mental state. On admission, there were mild icteric sclerae and hepatomegaly. Brain C-T scan was normal. The cerebrospinal fluid study showed increased pressure (280 mmH20), and protein content (150 mg/dl) with mild pleocytosis. The EEG revealed diffuse delta waves throughout the head. At the 3rd hospital day, the patient was rapidly deteriorated to comatous state showing marked hyperbilirubinemia, thrombocytopenia and bleeding tendency and expired. Numerous plasmodium falciparum parasites were revealed in the peripheral blood smear.
Adult ; Brain ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Electroencephalography ; Fever ; Head ; Hemorrhage ; Hepatomegaly ; Humans ; Hyperbilirubinemia ; Leukocytosis ; Malaria, Cerebral* ; Parasites ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Sclera ; Thrombocytopenia

No abstract available.
Knee* ; Nevus* ; Organoids*

Corpus callsoum (CC) is the largest commissural fiber connecting the cerebral hemispheres. The gender difference in the size or the shape of CC is a long standing dispute. Some reported that adult female CC had more bulbous splenium and larger area considering brain size, but others failed to replicate this findings. There is no definite consensus on sexual dimorphism of CC yet, although extensive studies on sexual dimorphism has been expected to provide a clue to explain sociopsychological differences between male and female. This variable results are attributed to limited number of subjects, measured parameters, and method of measurement. We have employed comprehensive analytic parameters with large subjects to understand gender differences on CC of healthy Korean adults. We have analyzed the magnetic resonance image (MRI) in adults free from neurological disorders. The subjects were composed of 108 young people (3rd decade; male : 51, female : 57). Total area, its 5 sub-areas, linear parameters including height, length, and width and five specific angles of the CC were measured on the midsagittal MR images with NIH Image program (R) (Ver 1.6). The gender differences were observed in the area of splenium and length in the group. The male CC have larger splenium and longer length than female. The angle between neural axis and base of corpus callosum in female was significantly larger than that of male. This study reports not only gender difference of adult CC, but Korean adult standard morphometric data of CC research. These results might serve a useful basic data for various research in the fields of neuroanatomy, neuroradiology, and neuropsychiatry.
Adult* ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Brain ; Cerebrum ; Consensus ; Corpus Callosum* ; Dissent and Disputes ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Nervous System Diseases ; Neuroanatomy ; Neuropsychiatry

Transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD), which may mimic acute leukemia, occurs in neonates with Down syndrome along with hepatic fibrosis. TMD is recognized shortly after birth or in the neonatal period and is characterized by leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia, which resolve spontaneously in four to six weeks. And hepatic fibrosis is characterized by diffuse intralobular sinusoidal fibrosis, extramedullary hematopoiesis and hemochromatosis. A newborn male infant with Down syndrome, atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect is reported. He showed abnormal myelopoiesis accompanying characteristic hepatic sinusoidal fibrosis. Knowing the cellular mechanism of hepatic fibrosis and its modulation by growth factors, a pathogenetic link between transient myeloproliferative disorder and the development of liver fibrosis in Down syndrome neonates, association of this triad no longer appears to be accidental.
Down Syndrome* ; Fibrosis* ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial ; Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular ; Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary ; Hemochromatosis* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Leukemia ; Leukocytosis ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Male ; Myelopoiesis ; Myeloproliferative Disorders* ; Parturition ; Thrombocytopenia

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of FLAIR(Fluid Attenuated InversionRecovery) MR imaging in childhood adrenoleukodystrophy by comparing with those of T2-weighted FSE imaging, and tocorrelate MRI finidings with clinical manifestations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Axial FLAIR images(TR/TE/TI=10004/123/2200) and T2-weighted FSE images(TR/TE=4000/104) of brain in six male patients(age range :6-17 years, mean age : 10.2 years) with biochemically confirmed adrenoleukodystrophy were compared visually by tworadiologists for detection, conspicuity, and the extent of lesion. Quantitatively, we compared lesion/CSFcontrast, lesion/CSF contrast to noise ratio(CNR), lesion/white matter(WM) contrast, and lesion/WM CNR betweenFLAIR and T2 weighted image. We correlated MR findings with clinical manifestations of neurologic symptoms andevaluated whether MRI could detect white matter lesions in neurologically asymptomatic patients. RESULTS: Visualdetection of lesions was better with FLAIR images in 2 of the 6 cases and it was equal in the remainders. Visualconspicuity and detection of the extent of lesion were superior on FLAIR images than T2-weighted images in all 6cases. In the quantitative assessment of lesions, FLAIR was superior to T2-weighted image for lesion/CSF contrastand lesion/CSF CNR, but was inferior to T2 weighted image for lesion/WM contrast and lesion/WM CNR. In one case,FLAIR images distinguished the portion of encephalomalacic change from lesions. MR findings ofadrenoleukodystrophy were correlated with clinical manifestations in symptomatic 4 cases, and also detected whitematter lesions in asymptomatic 2 cases. CONCLUSION: MR imaging with FLAIR sequence provided images that wereequal or superior to T2-weighted images in the evaluation of childhood adrenoleukodystrophy. MRI findings werewell correlated with clinical manifestations and could detect white matter lesions in neurologically asymptomaticadrenoleukodystrophy patients.
Adrenoleukodystrophy* ; Brain ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Male ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Noise

PURPOSE: This study aims to compare the outcome of total body irradiation (TBI)- or non-TBI-containing conditioning regimens for leukemia in children. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 77 children conditioned with TBI (n=40) or non-TBI (n=37) regimens, transplanted at Chonnam National University Hospital between January 1996 and December 2007. The type of transplantation, disease status at the time of transplant, conditioning regimen, engraftment kinetics, development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), complications, cause of deaths, overall survival (OS), and event-free survival (EFS) were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: Among 34 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 28 (82.4%) were in the TBI group, while 72.7% (24/33) of patients with myeloid leukemia were in the non-TBI group. Although the 5-year EFS of the 2 groups was similar for all patients (62% vs 63%), the TBI group showed a better 5-year EFS than the non-TBI group when only ALL patients were analyzed (65% vs 17%; P=0.005). In acute myelogenous leukemia patients, the non-TBI group had better survival tendency (73% vs 38%; P=0.089). The incidence of GVHD, engraftment, survival, cause of death, and late complications was not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: The TBI and non-TBI groups showed comparable results, but the TBI group showed a significantly higher 5-year EFS than the non-TBI group in ALL patients. Further prospective, randomized controlled studies involving larger number of patients are needed to assess the late-onset complications and to compare the socioeconomic quality of life.
Cause of Death ; Child ; Disease-Free Survival ; Graft vs Host Disease ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kinetics ; Leukemia ; Leukemia, Myeloid ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Quality of Life ; Retrospective Studies ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells ; Transplantation Conditioning ; Transplants ; Whole-Body Irradiation

No abstract available.
DNA, Mitochondrial ; Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber* ; Optic Nerve Diseases*