Due to an author error the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant Number was incorrectly listed in the original online publication of this article.

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the reliability and validity of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale-Korean version (PAINAD-K) for assessing pain in patients unable to communicate in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Methods: The study included 205 patients, aged >65 years, admitted to the PACU following general surgery. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s ⍺, test-retest, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and kappa coefficients. Criterion validity was evaluated with concurrent validity, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed sensitivity and specificity. Convergent and discriminant validity were analyzed to verify the construct of the scale. Results: The Cronbach’s ⍺, ICC, and test-retest correlation values were .78, .95~.98, and .56~.74, respectively, indicating good reliability. At baseline, the correlation coefficient was .93 with the Algoplus scale in the non-communicative group and .82 with the numeric rating scale in the communicative group. Further establishing criterion validity in the nonverbal group, the area under the ROC curve was 0.995 (sensitivity=98.4%, specificity=97.5%) at baseline and .95 (sensitivity=96.4%, specificity=93.2%) at the 30-minute follow-up. The correlation coefficient with the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool was .69~.96, showing convergent validity, and there was a significant interaction effect between time and group, indicating discriminant validity. Conclusion The study findings suggest that the PAINAD-K is a psychometrically valid scale for assessing pain in PACU patients aged >65 years who are unable to communicate.

Objectives: ：This study aimed to investigate the moderating effects of resilience on the relationship between affective empathy and burnout among social welfare workers. Methods: ：A total of 416 social welfare workers completed this survey. We administered the Korean version of the Questionnaire on Cognitive and Affective Empathy (2QCAE), the Korean version of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). Collected data were analyzed by t-test, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS 23.0. Results: ：Affective empathy, measured by the 2QCAE, was significantly positively correlated with burnout, measured by the MBI-GS. CD-RISC scores were significantly negatively correlated with burnout. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that the relationship between affective empathy and burnout was moderated by resilience. Conclusion ：These findings underscore the need for programs to enhance the resilience of social welfare workers to reduce burnout at work.

Objectives: ：This study aimed to investigate the moderating effects of resilience on the relationship between affective empathy and burnout among social welfare workers. Methods: ：A total of 416 social welfare workers completed this survey. We administered the Korean version of the Questionnaire on Cognitive and Affective Empathy (2QCAE), the Korean version of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS). Collected data were analyzed by t-test, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis using SPSS 23.0. Results: ：Affective empathy, measured by the 2QCAE, was significantly positively correlated with burnout, measured by the MBI-GS. CD-RISC scores were significantly negatively correlated with burnout. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that the relationship between affective empathy and burnout was moderated by resilience. Conclusion ：These findings underscore the need for programs to enhance the resilience of social welfare workers to reduce burnout at work.

Objective: To identify factors predicting remission of depression during acute (12 weeks) and continuation treatment (12 months) using a 1-year, naturalistic prospective study design. Methods: Patients with depressive disorders were recruited from Chonnam National University Hospital in South Korea from March 2012 to April 2017. At baseline, 1,262 patients received outpatient therapy, and sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained. Clinical visits took place every 3 weeks during the acute treatment phase (at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks; n = 1,246), and every 3 months during the continuation treatment phase (at 6, 9, and 12 months;n = 1,015). Remission was defined as a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ≤ 7. Results: The remission rate was 43.3% at 12 weeks and 70.4% at 12 months. In multivariate analyses, remission during the acute treatment phase was more likely in patients with a shorter-duration present episode, higher functioning, and good social support. Remission during the continuation treatment phase was more likely in patients with fewer previous depressive episodes and/or a lower baseline stress score. Conclusion Factors predicting depressive disorder remission may differ between the acute and continuation treatment phases.

Objective: To identify factors predicting remission of depression during acute (12 weeks) and continuation treatment (12 months) using a 1-year, naturalistic prospective study design. Methods: Patients with depressive disorders were recruited from Chonnam National University Hospital in South Korea from March 2012 to April 2017. At baseline, 1,262 patients received outpatient therapy, and sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained. Clinical visits took place every 3 weeks during the acute treatment phase (at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks; n = 1,246), and every 3 months during the continuation treatment phase (at 6, 9, and 12 months;n = 1,015). Remission was defined as a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ≤ 7. Results: The remission rate was 43.3% at 12 weeks and 70.4% at 12 months. In multivariate analyses, remission during the acute treatment phase was more likely in patients with a shorter-duration present episode, higher functioning, and good social support. Remission during the continuation treatment phase was more likely in patients with fewer previous depressive episodes and/or a lower baseline stress score. Conclusion Factors predicting depressive disorder remission may differ between the acute and continuation treatment phases.

Objective: Sudden traumatic physical injuries often cause psychological distress, which may be associated with chronic disability. Although considerable effort has been expended to identify genetic predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after traumatic events, genetic predictors of psychological distress in response to severe physical injuries have been yet to be elucidated using whole exome sequencing (WES). Here, the genetic architecture of post-traumatic syndrome (PTS), which encompasses a broad range of psychiatric disorders after traumatic events including depression, anxiety disorder, acute stress disorder, and PTSD, was explored using WES in severely physically injured patients, focusing on secondary findings and potential PTS-related variants. Methods: In total, 141 severely physically injured patients were consecutively recruited, and PTS was evaluated within 1 month of the injury. Secondary findings were analyzed according to PTS status. To identify PTS-related variants, genome-wide association analyses and the optimal sequencing kernel association test were performed. Results: Of the 141 patients, 88 (62%) experienced PTS. There were 108 disease-causing variants in severely physically injured patients. As secondary findings, the stress- and inflammation-related signaling pathways were enriched in the PTS patients, while the glucose metabolism pathway was enriched in those without PTS. However, no significant PTS-related variants were identified. Conclusion Our findings suggest that genetic alterations in stress and inflammatory pathways might increase the likelihood of PTS immediately after severe physical injury. Future studies with larger samples and longitudinal designs are needed.

Objective: To investigate the predictors of remission by 4 treatment steps in depressive outpatients receiving 12-week psychopharmacotherapy. Methods: Patients were consecutively recruited at a university hospital in South Korea from March 2012 to April 2017. At baseline, 1,262 patients were evaluated for sociodemographic and clinical data including assessments scales, and were received antidepressant monotherapy. For patients with an insufficient response or uncomfortable side effects, next treatment steps (1, 2, 3, and 4) with alternative strategies (switching, augmentation, combination, and mixtures of these approaches) were administered considering measurements and patient preference at every 3 weeks in the acute treatment phase (3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks). Remission was defined as a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of ≤7. Results: In the multi-variate logistic regression analyses, remission was predicted by higher functional levels in patients received Step 1 and 2 treatment; by lower life stressors in Step 1; by higher social support in Step 3 and 4; and by lower suicidality in Step 1–3. Conclusion Differential associations were found between symptoms or functions and treatment steps, which suggested that multi-faceted evaluations at baseline could predict remission by treatment steps.