To identify the problems in child rearing practice of employed mothers in urban poor area, all of 201 women with children under 6 years old living in Yun San 3 Dong, a poor area of Pusan city, were interviewed with a questionnaire by a trained interviewer from 10th April to 10th May 1989. Among 201 women, 51 women were employed and 150 women were unemployed. Of the employed mothers 78.5% got their jobs because of economical need and 31.4% of them worker for 60-69 hours per week. Their average monthly income was 100,000-190,000 Won in 33.4% and 200,000-290,000 Won in 25.4%. Breast milk was fed in 66.0% of the children of unemployed mothers while 49.0 of the children of the employed mothers were breast-fed (p<0.05). The most common reason for not breast feeding was shortage of breast milk among unemployed mothers (58.9%) but that of the employed mothers was their job(63.6%). The basic immunization for children was completed in 70.5% of children of employed mothers as compared with 82.0% of the children of the unemployed mothers were completely immunized (p<0.1). Accident experience rate of children among the employed mothers was 23.5% and that of the children of the unemployed mothers was 17.3%. The most common cause of accident in children of the unemployed mothers was carelessness while they were playing(34.6%) but in children of the employed mothers it was traffic accident(25.0%) and falling(25.0%). Most of the traffic accidents took place while the children's brother or sister of age under 14 years were baby sitting. When the accident took place 73.1% of the unemployed mothers were just at home, but 58.3% of the employed mothers were out of home for work. In case of the employed mothers, 58.7% of their children were looked after by an adult mainly grandparents, 15,7% by the children's brothers and sisters under 14 years old, and 3.9% of the children were left alone. A majority of the unemployed mothers wanted to get a job if someone could take care of their children. To facilitate the women employment and for the safety and health of the children, good nurseries for working mothers need to be established at a cost they can afford.
Accidents, Traffic ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Breast Feeding ; Busan* ; Child ; Child Rearing* ; Child Health ; Child* ; Employment ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization ; Milk, Human ; Mothers* ; Nurseries ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Siblings

This article describes verticsal dimension in its histologic and clinical aspect. Determination of correct vertical dimension of occlusion is one of the most important steps in prosthodontic rehabilitation. It is considered essential for improvement of facial esthetics and stomatognatic functions. Many techniques have been sued for measurement of the vertical dimension in dentulous and edentulous patients : pre-extraction record, physiologic rest position, swallowing, phonetics, esthetics, etc. But, there is no universally accepted or completely accurate method. Though a great deal of energy has been spent trying to find the exact position of the mandible, there is an controversial aspect of vetical dimension.
Deglutition ; Esthetics ; Humans ; Mandible ; Phonetics ; Prosthodontics ; Rehabilitation ; Vertical Dimension*

A case-control study was conducted to identify the specific risk fatctors for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Korean soldiers. The case group consisted of 196 confirmed HFRS patients who were admitted to the Capital Armed Forces General Hospital between I November 1989 and 15 January 1992 and were 25 years old or younger. The control group consisted of 258 non-HFRS patients who were admitted to the same hospital and meeting following conditions; onset of symptom was within five days before or after the onset date of case, had regular military activities up to the onset of symptom, and no noticeable signs for the diagnosis. Most of the cases and controls came from the units located in Kyonggi province (61.7% of cases, 75.9% of controls) and Kangwon province (31.6% of cases, 15.5% of controls). The distribution of places where the cases and controls had moved into during 60 days period prior to admission was similar to that of the base units. Among 196 cases, 89.3% occurred in October through December and 46.9% in November. Significant risk factor was the field living condition. The odds ratio (OR) for sleeping in a tent vs not sleeping in a tent during 60 days period prior to admission was 1.55 (95% CI=1.07-2.25) and that for sleeping on the bare ground or in a vehicle was 3. 63 (95% CI=1.48-8.86). Other statistically significant risk factors were advanced tac tical training (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.02-2.24), drinking surface water (OR=1.83, 95% CI=1.21-2.77), exposure to indoor dust (OR=1.58, 95% CI=1.05-2. 37), fixing trench (OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.12-2.37) and having seen Apodemus in the outdoors (OR=4. 61, 95% CI=2.12-10.02). Most of these risk factors were related with camping (field living condition) and thus the interaction between each risk factor and camping was examined by cross tabulation. None of the ORs for five risk factors was statistically significant for the cases who had no camping. However all of the ORs for the cases who had camping were increased and statistically significant ;2.27 for advanced tactical training, 2.64 for drinking surface water, 2.14 for exposure to indoor dust, 2.91 for fixing trench, and 7.58 for having seen Apodemus in outdoors. It was revealed in this study that the highest risk factor for HFRS is camping in the area where the Apodemus inhabits.
Adult ; Animals ; Arm ; Camping ; Case-Control Studies* ; Diagnosis ; Drinking ; Dust ; Fever ; Gangwon-do ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Military Personnel* ; Murinae ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors* ; Social Conditions ; Water

We report a case of pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and mild pneumothorax that occurred after endotracheal intubation with a metallic endotracheal tube for the laser operation. Fortunately, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema were self-limited. But potentially life-threatening events such as upper airway obstruction, tension pneumothorax, pneumopericardium, mediastinitis might be possible. These complications may result from mucosal perforation of upper airway. The use of a tube with rigid and relatively narrower internal diameter than polyvinylchloride endotracheal tube, tough endotracheal intubation technique, high peak inspiratory pressure, suction technique and negative pressure are included as complication factors.
Airway Obstruction ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Mediastinal Emphysema* ; Mediastinitis ; Pneumopericardium ; Pneumothorax ; Subcutaneous Emphysema* ; Suction

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nursing education using a CD ROM on the anxiety and knowledge of the patients having minor surgery. METHOD: Forty patients hospitalized in K hospital in Seoul from April to August 2002 participated in this study. In the experimental group, twenty patients received nursing education on the operational procedures and post-operational care. The control group, received conventional nursing care only. Anxiety experienced by patients was measured by Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and knowledge was measured by an instrument developed by Rahe et al. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in anxiety level between two groups. However, subjects in the experimental group were found to have significantly higher postoperative knowledge levels than those in the control group, and were very satisfied with the CD ROM program. CONCLUSION: The nursing education program using CD ROM before minor surgery proved to be an effective nursing intervention to increase knowledge of patients and contribute to their self care after discharge. To decrease anxiety of the surgery, the nursing education program should be combined with supprortive emotional nursing intervention, such as touch, and massage.
Anxiety* ; Education, Nursing* ; Humans ; Massage ; Nursing Care ; Nursing* ; Patient Education as Topic ; Self Care ; Seoul ; Surgical Procedures, Minor*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nursing education using a CD ROM on the anxiety and knowledge of the patients having minor surgery. METHOD: Forty patients hospitalized in K hospital in Seoul from April to August 2002 participated in this study. In the experimental group, twenty patients received nursing education on the operational procedures and post-operational care. The control group, received conventional nursing care only. Anxiety experienced by patients was measured by Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and knowledge was measured by an instrument developed by Rahe et al. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in anxiety level between two groups. However, subjects in the experimental group were found to have significantly higher postoperative knowledge levels than those in the control group, and were very satisfied with the CD ROM program. CONCLUSION: The nursing education program using CD ROM before minor surgery proved to be an effective nursing intervention to increase knowledge of patients and contribute to their self care after discharge. To decrease anxiety of the surgery, the nursing education program should be combined with supprortive emotional nursing intervention, such as touch, and massage.
Anxiety* ; Education, Nursing* ; Humans ; Massage ; Nursing Care ; Nursing* ; Patient Education as Topic ; Self Care ; Seoul ; Surgical Procedures, Minor*

Fibromatoses comprise many different entities of well-differentiated fibroblastic proliferation with variable collagen production and form a firm nodular mass. Abdominal fibromatosis is distinguishable from other forms of fibromatosis because of its location and its tendency to occur in women of childbearing age during or following pregnancy. Abdominal fibromatosis in children is an extremely rare condition. A 15-month-old boy presented with an abdominal wall mass that had recently increased in size. Mass excision was perfomed. The tumor was 4.3x4.1 cm and partly circumscribed. Histologically, the tumor was composed of parallel long fascicles of spindle-cells with a uniform appearance. The edges of the resected mass were infiltrative, and the surgical margins were positive. Mitotic figures were <1/10 high power fields. No cellular atypia or necrosis was present. The tumor cells were positive for vimentin and nuclear beta-catenin staining.
Abdominal Wall ; beta Catenin ; Child* ; Collagen ; Female ; Fibroblasts ; Fibroma ; Fibromatosis, Abdominal* ; Humans ; Infant ; Necrosis ; Pregnancy ; Vimentin

BACKGROUND: Bisphosphonate is used in osteoporosis treatment to repress osteoclast activity, which then decreases levels of osteocalcin (OC). OC, a protein secreted by osteoblasts and released from the bone matrix during osteoclastic bone resorption, has been found to control blood glucose levels by increasing insulin production and sensitivity. The question addressed in this study is whether decreasing OC through bisphosphonate treatment will provoke a change in glucose homeostasis. METHODS: Eighty-four patients with osteoporosis were treated with once-weekly risedronate 35 mg and cholecalciferol 5,600 IU. We measured fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin, and undercarboxylated (Glu) and carboxylated (Gla) OC levels at baseline and after 16 weeks. To estimate insulin resistance (IR) and beta-cell function (B)%, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-IR and HOMA-B% were also calculated, respectively. RESULTS: The mean FPG level in total subjects increased significantly from 5.3 to 5.5 mmol/L, but no changes in blood glucose were noted in the 24 subjects with impaired fasting glucose. Glu and Gla OC levels declined significantly after treatment. No correlations were observed between changes in OC and changes in glucose, however. CONCLUSIONS: Bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis reduced OC, but this change was not associated with changes in glucose metabolism.
Blood Glucose ; Bone Matrix ; Bone Resorption ; Cholecalciferol ; Etidronic Acid ; Fasting ; Glucose ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin ; Insulin Resistance ; Osteoblasts ; Osteocalcin ; Osteoclasts ; Osteoporosis ; Plasma ; Risedronate Sodium

Severe symptomatic hyponatremia shows high mortality in association with cerebral edema and central nervous system dysfunction. Postoperative hyponatremia is usually attributed to administration of hypotonic fluids while antidiuretic hormone is acting. However, we experienced a severe symptomatic hyponatremia in spite of infusion of lactated Ringer's solution perioperatively in a case of 4-year-old girl's tonsillectomy. Inappropriate secretion of ADH caused by pain, stress, anxiety, nausea, vomiting. Paralytic ileus developed several hours after surgery, severe hyponatremia (Na 119 mmol/L) with convulsion notified. After prompt infusion of sodium supplement and fluid restriction, the patient recovered uneventfully.
Anxiety ; Brain Edema ; Central Nervous System ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Hyponatremia* ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction* ; Mortality ; Nausea ; Seizures* ; Sodium ; Tonsillectomy* ; Vomiting

The purpose of this study is to develop a systematic and efficient curriculum for the rehabilitation nurse specialist program. This research was carried out as a group work of 15 experts in order to share vanous opinions about the curriculum. and also through literature review. Articles. curriculums of other Clinical Nurse Specialist Programs. medical laws guidelines. as well as Clinical Nurse Specialist Program from the Korean Nurses Association were reviewed, and the issue was discussed throughly via group meetings. The developed cunicul urn is as follows: 1. Educational philosophy lies in the fact that the rehabilitation nurses support the patients to maximize their potential and functional level. so that they could maintain healthy state and re-adapt to changed environment. Furthermore the rehabilitation nurses are disposed of arbitrary decision power under their own responsibility. thus they take charge of we]fare and healthy environment of the local society through the patients (subjects) and local resources. 2. Educational goals are to train rehabilitation nurse specialist. who correspond to the social needs. so to say. those who have the know]edge and skills for nursing practice, education and research. 3. The curriculum consists of 37 credits, of which 24 credits are based on lectures and 13 credits based on clinical practice. General courses are 3 subjects (5 credits): nursing theory, nursing research. and laws/ethics, Mandatory courses are 8 subjects with 19 credits: advanced physical assessment, pharmacology, pathophysiology, issues in rehabilitation nursing, advanced rehabilitation nursing intervention I. advanced rehabilitation nursing intervention II. sports physiology. special rehabilitation nursing intervention. As for the clinical practice courses, assesment and evaluation for rehabilitation (64 hours), community and home based rehabilitation nursing(128 hours), hospital based rehabilitation nursing(l28 hours), institution based rehabilitation nursing(96 hours) would be treated. 4. Contents of the courses were developed to correspond with the courses' objectives and specific items. 5. Evaluation would be carried out both in the lecure and in the clinical practice. The knowledge and skills of the students would be measured to ensure full validity and credibility. However this developed curriculum should be continuously modified and updated in more desirable direction.
Curriculum* ; Education ; Equidae ; Group Processes ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Lectures ; Nurse Clinicians ; Nursing ; Nursing Research ; Nursing Theory ; Pharmacology ; Philosophy ; Physiology ; Rehabilitation Nursing ; Rehabilitation* ; Specialization* ; Sports