The variations of the occipital sinus were studied in 50 Korean adult cadavers. The morphology of the sinus was classified into 5 types accordingo to its number and the connection with the marginal sinus. These results were compared with the data of the occipital sinus of bones (Sir and Chung, 1907). And the opening of the occipital sinus in the confluens sinuum was observed. 1. A single small occipital sinus was found in 40%. Single occiital sinus with two large marginal sinuses was observed in 8%. The single sinus with a left marginal sinus (6%) and with a right marginal sinus(4%) were present. Double occipital sinuses were observed in 10% of the cadavers. No occipital sinus was discernible in 32%. 2. There were 39 openings of the occipital sinus including the double sinuses. The occipital sinuses communicated with the confluence sinuum in 35 cases (89.7%), with the straight sinus in 5.1% and with the right or left transverse sinus in 1 case, respectively. The openings in the confluens sinuum were found on the left side(51.3%), on the right side (10.3%) and in the center(28.2%). 3. The diameters of the occipital sinus were variable according to the connection with the sigmoid sinus. 4. The difference was found between the data of the morphological types of the occipital sinus that were studied in cadavers and in dry bones.
Adult* ; Cadaver ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Humans

Background: : In the case of simulation practice, if the visual information obtained through observation is described in text along with video observation learning, students will be able to reinforce their memory of the acquired content, promote the learning process, and further enhance nursing performance skills. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of communication training through observational learning and recording of simulation practice videos and to provide basic data for developing strategies to improve learning effects. Methods: : We conducted a simulation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patient nursing with fourth-year students in the department of nursing at University B in A City. The described communication contents while watching a video of a colleague’s team’s implementation in real time, were analyzed by content analysis method. Results: : In this study, nursing students have an opportunity to think critically by recording their judgments on effective or ineffective situations in therapeutic communication with patients, information transfer, and cooperative communication between professionals and used it for reflection and application. Conclusion : Creating a structured observation sheet while observing the simulation situation of a peer team in real time is a way to reinforce the memory of the learned content by allowing more focus on observational learning and elaborate processing of visual information through recording.

Purpose: : Efficiently preventing adult obesity, which is associated with various physical and psychological complications, requires identifying demographic, disease, and health-related characteristics of Korean adult males with a high prevalence of obesity. Methods: : This study conducted a secondary analysis of raw data from the 7th 3rd year of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, administered by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, utilizing a composite sample design. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of obesity among 2,716 adult males aged 19 years and older. Results: : The findings revealed that age (p=.026), diagnosed hypertension (p=.001), diagnosed dyslipidemia (p=.016), weight change over 1 year (p=.014), weight gain over 1 year (p<.001), and frequency of strength training per week (p=.006) were significant predictors of obesity in Korean adult men. The model demonstrated a good fit (Nagelkerke R2 =.198, p<.001). Conclusion : Based on the identified predictors of obesity among Korean adult males in this study, it is hoped that practical countermeasures can be implemented to reduce and prevent obesity rates. Future research should address the limitations of secondary data analysis by exploring a wider range of comorbidities, dietary and exercise habits, occupational settings, and related socioeconomic and psychological factors in adult men with obesity.

A 60 year-old right-handed man developed a sudden inability to find his way home from work. Neurologic examina-tions revealed no focal neurological deficit. Neuropsychological tests showed a memory deficit especially in the visu-ospatial domain along with visuospatial and frontal-executive dysfunction. A brain MRI revealed a small but discrete lesion in the right thalamus. The majority of the lesion was confined to the dorsomedial nucleus. These results suggest that a small unilateral thalamic infarction affecting the anterior area may be sufficient to produce "strategic-infarct dementia" without focal neurological deficit.
Brain ; Dementia ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus ; Memory ; Memory Disorders ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Thalamus

A 60 year-old right-handed man developed a sudden inability to find his way home from work. Neurologic examina-tions revealed no focal neurological deficit. Neuropsychological tests showed a memory deficit especially in the visu-ospatial domain along with visuospatial and frontal-executive dysfunction. A brain MRI revealed a small but discrete lesion in the right thalamus. The majority of the lesion was confined to the dorsomedial nucleus. These results suggest that a small unilateral thalamic infarction affecting the anterior area may be sufficient to produce "strategic-infarct dementia" without focal neurological deficit.
Brain ; Dementia ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus ; Memory ; Memory Disorders ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Thalamus

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to find the association between the depression and perception of obesity by adolescent girls in Jung Eup City, Chollapukdo. The data were collected by questionnaire from July to October, 1996. RESULTS: 1. While the obesity rate of the girls by BMI criteria was 6.0%, 41.1% of girls perceived that they were obese. 2. Forty-eight percent of respondents tried weight control already, and as the method of weight control 33.3% tried exercise, 27.2% reduced food, 23.6% avoided snack before going to bed. 3. while 39.3% among those whose BMI was lower than 20 and 54.2% among those with BMI 20-24 tried weight control, only 5.1% among those who perceived their bodies as slim tried weight control. 4. By the analysis of self-rating depression scale (SDS) only 14.8% was normal without depression and the rest showed high SDS scale; 36.9% as mild, 38.5% as moderate, and 9.7% as severe state of depression. 5. While no statistically significant difference of SDS scores by the size of BMI was shown, significant different of SDS scores was shown among groups with different perception of their obesity and practice of weight control. 6. As a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, dieting, perceived body image, and body mass index were significantly associated with depression of the adolescent girls. CONCLUSION: Adolescent girls who perceived themselves overweight regardless of actual weight were more likely to diet than other girls. And these characteristics had an influence on the depression of the adolescents. It is suggested that appropriate education should be required to prevent thoughtless weight control of the adolescents and to maintain mental health of the adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Body Image ; Body Mass Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression* ; Diet ; Education ; Female* ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Obesity* ; Overweight ; Snacks

BACKGROUND: The genetic and environmental factors involved in the development of obesity and several candidate genes have been suggested to have an influence on energy and fuel metabolism. However, the specific genetic defects responsible for human obesity have not been identified yet. It is likely that a combination of polymorphisms in one or more candidate genes may affect energy metabolism and the development of obesity. We performed this study to determine the role of 45 bp insertion in the uncoupling protein (UCP)2 exon 8 and Trp64Arg polymorphism of beta3-adrenergic receptor ( 3-AR) gene in the regulation of body weight and the pattern of fat distribution. METHODS: In 114 subjects (male: 40, female: 74, mean body mass index: 24.1+/-2.7 kg/m2, 80 subjects with normal glucose tolerance, 34 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance), body fat distribution patterns were assessed by anthropometric measurement, bioelectric impedance analysis and computed tomogram. The genotypes of UCP genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and mutation in 3-AR gene by PCR followed by enzymatic digestion. RESULTS: In UCP2 genes, the frequency of deletion homozygote (DD) was 59.4%, heterozygote (DI) was 3.5% and insertion homozygote (II) was 3.1% Meanwhile, in 3-AR, the frequency of TrpTrp was 67.9%, TrpArg was 29.5% and ArgArg was 2.7%. In the lean group (subjects with a BMI less than 25 kg/m2), the frequencies of insertion allele and Arg64 allele were not significantly different than those among the overweight subjects (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2). There was not significant difference in clinical, biochemical or body fat distribution patterns between the groups according to UCP2 polymorphism. In the case of the polymorphism in 3-AR gene, the subjects with ArgArg homozygotes had lower HDL-cholesterol level (p<0.05). For the individuals over 40 years of age, BMI was greater among those with the deletion homozygotes and Arg64 allele, as compared to other groups according to the combination of UCP2 and 3-AR genotypes (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that genetic variations in UCP2 and 3-AR can synergistically affect metabolic rate and susceptibility to weight gain, thereby and contribute to the change in body weight in later life.
Adult* ; Alleles ; Body Fat Distribution ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Digestion ; Electric Impedance ; Energy Metabolism ; Exons ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Glucose ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Metabolism ; Obesity* ; Overweight ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Weight Gain

PURPOSE: This study examined the effectiveness of an adolescent school-based smoking prevention program. METHODS: The study was done with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of the present study were 399 non-smoking high school students in Kyongbuk province. The subjects were divided into 184 experimental group members in G city who participated in a school-based smoking prevention program and 216 control group members in K city who did not participate. Data were collected from June to November 2011. collected data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 18.0 through chi2-test, independent t-test and ANCOVA. RESULTS: The experimental group had significantly increased knowledge of smoking, knowledge of smoking prevention program, attitude of smoking, skill of smoking prevention in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSION: The school-based smoking prevention program delivered to non-smoking adolescents is an effective method of encouraging smoking prevention and can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention for non-smoking adolescents.
Adolescent ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Smoke ; Smoking

BACKGROUND: The risk for a hand injury was increased according to industrial structure and lifestyle change. This study investigated the post traumatic stress (PTS) and related factors in some hand replantation patients. METHODS: Total 150 hand replantation patients in one hospital were selected using convenience sampling methods. General characteristics of patients, characteristics of injured hand, self-esteem and PTS were collected using self-reported questionnaires. And clinical characteristics of injured hand were obtained from a review of medical records. Descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were performed to determine the associated factors with the score of PTS. RESULTS: Among 150 patients, 80% were male and 94% had a job. The mean score of PTS was 22.2±16.9. In simple analysis, PTS score were associated with smoking status, injury day of the week, pain score and self-esteem. Finally, the subjects who injured in weekdays had significantly higher PTS score compared to subjects who injured in weekend (β=0.185, P=0.021) and pain score was positively associated with PTS score (β=0.181, P=0.027) in multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Injury day of the week and pain score were associated with PTS score in some hand replantation patients. Considering these results will help to management and improve quality of life of hand replantation patients.
Amputation ; Hand Injuries ; Hand* ; Humans ; Life Style ; Male ; Medical Records ; Quality of Life ; Replantation* ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking

Objectives: This study examined the current status of depression and related factors among children using community child center. Methods: A cross-sectional study selected children in grades 4-6 who used the Gwangju and Jeollanamdo community child center (n=224) using a convenience sampling method. General characteristics, family characteristics, children's emotional characteristics, children's school life environment and depression status were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. Results: The average score of depression among children using community child center was 15.31±7.70 out of a total of 27. Fifty-eight (25.9%) children had depression above 22 points. Variables related to children's depression were shown as grade, subjective economic level awareness, after-school activities excluding local children's centers, presence of family members after school, and family structure. Conclusions The depression prevalence of children using community child center was higher. Policy support such as children's psychological support programs would be needed to reduce children's depression, and community child centers are expected to be effective in reducing children's depression if continuous child psychological support services are developed for children's mental health.