PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the current situation of community health nursing practicum in bachelor programs. METHOD: Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of questions on education goals, teaching items, teaching methods, and evaluation methods and items. Forty five nursing departments/colleges or 84.9% of four-year nursing schools in Korea responded to the survey. RESULT: Nursing process application and understanding about the role and function of community health nurses were major goals of practice education. Community health centers were the most significant practice fields because all nursing schools mentioned them as places for practice. All nursing schools used a specific evaluation tool to measure students outcomes and utilized guidebooks to help students. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the goals of practice education should be standardized to improve the quality of education. Besides, evaluation tools that can be used commonly at all nursing schools should be developed to measure the effectiveness of practice education of community health nursing.
Community Health Centers ; Community Health Nursing* ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Nurses, Community Health ; Nursing ; Nursing Process ; Schools, Nursing ; Teaching ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Humans ; Neuroma*

The variations of the occipital sinus were studied in 50 Korean adult cadavers. The morphology of the sinus was classified into 5 types accordingo to its number and the connection with the marginal sinus. These results were compared with the data of the occipital sinus of bones (Sir and Chung, 1907). And the opening of the occipital sinus in the confluens sinuum was observed. 1. A single small occipital sinus was found in 40%. Single occiital sinus with two large marginal sinuses was observed in 8%. The single sinus with a left marginal sinus (6%) and with a right marginal sinus(4%) were present. Double occipital sinuses were observed in 10% of the cadavers. No occipital sinus was discernible in 32%. 2. There were 39 openings of the occipital sinus including the double sinuses. The occipital sinuses communicated with the confluence sinuum in 35 cases (89.7%), with the straight sinus in 5.1% and with the right or left transverse sinus in 1 case, respectively. The openings in the confluens sinuum were found on the left side(51.3%), on the right side (10.3%) and in the center(28.2%). 3. The diameters of the occipital sinus were variable according to the connection with the sigmoid sinus. 4. The difference was found between the data of the morphological types of the occipital sinus that were studied in cadavers and in dry bones.
Adult* ; Cadaver ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Humans

No abstract available.
Education, Medical* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in advanced cirrhosis. Prerenal azotemia, hepatorenal syndrome, and acute tubular necrosis are the main causes of AKI in patients with cirrhosis. Evaluation of renal function and differentiation between functional and structural kidney injury are important issues in the management of cirrhosis. However, AKI in cirrhosis exists as a complex clinical spectrum rather than concrete clinical entity. Based on current evidence, changes in serum creatinine (Cr) levels remain the most appropriate standard for defining AKI in cirrhosis. However, serum Cr has a limited role in assessing renal function in this population. This review examines previous studies that investigated the ability of recent biomarkers for AKI in cirrhosis from the perspective of earlier and accurate diagnosis, classification of AKI phenotype, and prediction of clinical outcomes. Serum cystatin C and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin have been extensively studied in cirrhosis, and have facilitated improved diagnosis and prognosis prediction in patients with AKI. In addition, urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, interleukin 18, and kidney injury molecule 1 are other promising biomarkers for advanced cirrhosis. However, the clinical significance of these markers remains unclear because there are no cut-off values defining the normal range and differentiating phenotypes of AKI. In addition, AKI has been defined in terms of serum Cr, and renal biopsy—the gold standard—has not been carried out in most studies. Further discovery of innovate biomarkers and incorporation of various markers could improve the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of AKI, and will translate into meaningful improvements in patient outcomes.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Serum levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a vascular inflammatory marker, may predict the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at greater risk for type 2 diabetes and CVD. The aim of this study was to compare hsCRP levels between normal weight women with PCOS and controls with a normal menstrual cycle and to determine the factors associated with serum hsCRP levels. METHODS: Thirty-nine lean PCOS patients and 24 healthy, regular cycling women were enrolled in this study. We performed anthropometric measurements, fat computed tomography (CT), and blood sampling to determine blood chemistry and levels of hsCRP, gonadotropins, testosterone, and sex-hormone binding globulin. We also conducted 75-g oral glucose-tolerance test and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp to assess insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: Serum hsCRP concentrations were higher in women with PCOS than in women with regular mensturation. However, this difference was no longer significant after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). hsCRP levels were correlated with waist circumference (r=0.46, p<0.01), BMI (r=0.46, p<0.01), visceral fat area (r=0.45, p<0.01), and systolic (r=0.42, p<0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (r=0.39, p<0.05). hsCRP also tended to be negatively associated with insulin-mediated glucose uptake (IMGU) (r=-0.31, p=0.07). A multiple regression analysis revealed that BMI (beta=0.29, p<0.05), systolic blood pressure (beta=0.39, p<0.01), and IMGU (beta=-0.31, p<0.05) predicted serum hsCRP levels in women with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: PCOS by itself does not seem to be associated with increased hsCRP levels, whereas known CVD risk factors affect serum hsCRP levels in PCOS.
Adult ; Body Mass Index ; C-Reactive Protein/*analysis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/*blood/complications ; Regression Analysis

BACKGROUND: This study was performed to find the association between the depression and perception of obesity by adolescent girls in Jung Eup City, Chollapukdo. The data were collected by questionnaire from July to October, 1996. RESULTS: 1. While the obesity rate of the girls by BMI criteria was 6.0%, 41.1% of girls perceived that they were obese. 2. Forty-eight percent of respondents tried weight control already, and as the method of weight control 33.3% tried exercise, 27.2% reduced food, 23.6% avoided snack before going to bed. 3. while 39.3% among those whose BMI was lower than 20 and 54.2% among those with BMI 20-24 tried weight control, only 5.1% among those who perceived their bodies as slim tried weight control. 4. By the analysis of self-rating depression scale (SDS) only 14.8% was normal without depression and the rest showed high SDS scale; 36.9% as mild, 38.5% as moderate, and 9.7% as severe state of depression. 5. While no statistically significant difference of SDS scores by the size of BMI was shown, significant different of SDS scores was shown among groups with different perception of their obesity and practice of weight control. 6. As a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, dieting, perceived body image, and body mass index were significantly associated with depression of the adolescent girls. CONCLUSION: Adolescent girls who perceived themselves overweight regardless of actual weight were more likely to diet than other girls. And these characteristics had an influence on the depression of the adolescents. It is suggested that appropriate education should be required to prevent thoughtless weight control of the adolescents and to maintain mental health of the adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Body Image ; Body Mass Index ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Depression* ; Diet ; Education ; Female* ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Obesity* ; Overweight ; Snacks

PURPOSE: Obesity is a major public health issue and is associated with many metabolic abnormalities. Consequently, the assessment of obesity is very important. A new measurement, the body adiposity index (BAI), has recently been proposed to provide valid estimates of body fat percentages. The objective of this study was to compare the BAI and body mass index (BMI) as measurements of body adiposity and metabolic risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis performed on Korean women. The weight, height, and hip circumferences of 2950 women (mean age 25+/-5 years old, 18-39 years) were measured, and their BMI and BAI [hip circumference (cm)/height (m)(1.5)-18] values were calculated. Bioelectric impedance analysis was used to evaluate body fat content. Glucose tolerance status was assessed with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test, and insulin sensitivity was estimated with the insulin sensitivity index. RESULTS: BMI was more significantly correlated with fat mass and fat percentage. Additionally, BMI was also more significantly associated with metabolic parameters, including fasting glucose, post-load 2-h glucose, fasting insulin, post-load 2-h insulin, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol than BAI. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that BMI was a better tool for predicting body fat percentage than BAI. Insulin sensitivity and metabolic syndrome were more significantly associated with BMI than with BAI. CONCLUSION: In Korean women, the current BMI-based classifications for obesity might be superior to BAI-based measurements for determining obesity and predicting metabolic risk.
Adiposity/*physiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Composition/physiology ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight/physiology ; Cholesterol, HDL/blood ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Obesity/blood/*physiopathology ; Triglycerides/blood ; Waist Circumference/physiology ; Young Adult

Visceral artery aneurysms are rare, but potentially fatal, as they carry the risk of rupture and hemorrhage. Splenic artery aneurysms are the most common visceral artery aneurysm, with an occurrence rate of about 60%. Their risk of rupture has been estimated as between 2 and 10%, and the mortality rate due to a ruptured splenic artery aneurysm is significantly high, with reports of up to 25%. In most instances, an elective operation is recommended for low risk patients with a splenic artery aneurysm greater than 2 cm in diameter. Our patient had a 5x4x3 cm sized symptomatic splenic artery aneurysm and underwent an elective operation. However, during the operation, we unexpectedly found severely inflamed aneurysm embedded into the pancreatic tissue. The patient underwent proximal artery ligation and a distal pancreatectomy, including the affected artery, and a splenectomy. A histological examination of the pancreas revealed chronic granulomatous inflammation, with caseous necrosis, and the aneurysmal wall was dilated, with loss of elastic laminae. This report describes a rare case of a splenic artery aneurysm, with chronic pancreatitis due to a tuberculous infection as the predisposing factor.
Aneurysm* ; Arteries ; Causality ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Ligation ; Mortality ; Necrosis ; Pancreas ; Pancreatectomy ; Pancreatitis ; Pancreatitis, Chronic* ; Rupture ; Splenectomy ; Splenic Artery*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Many women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) exhibit insulin resistance. Adipose tissue plays an important role in insulin resistance, and adipokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and adiponectin are altered in PCOS. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), alone or in conjunction with other adipokines, is also associated with insulin resistance. We evaluated the effects of TNF-alpha, adiponectin, and IGFBP-3 on insulin sensitivity and the relationships among these proteins in women with PCOS. METHODS: We recruited 40 women with PCOS and 40 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched regular cycling women (controls). The women were divided into obese (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) and nonobese (BMI < 25 kg/m2) groups. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and serum levels of TNF-alpha, adiponectin, and IGFBP-3 were determined. Insulin sensitivity was estimated using the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of glucose calculated from the oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: Serum levels of TNF-alpha and IGFBP-3 did not differ between the PCOS and control groups, but adiponectin levels in the PCOS group were lower than those in control women in the nonobese group (p < 0.05). TNF-alpha, adiponectin, and IGFBP-3 levels were not correlated with each other in women with PCOS, but a significant positive correlation was observed between adiponectin levels and MCR (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that adiponectin levels were significantly associated with insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05) in women with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: IGFBP-3 and TNF-alpha levels were not associated with insulin sensitivity, but adiponectin levels were related to insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS.
Adiponectin/*blood ; Adult ; Biological Markers/blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Humans ; *Insulin Resistance ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/*blood ; Obesity/blood ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/*blood ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*blood ; Young Adult