423 cases were underwent surgical treatment for herniated lumbar intervertebral disc during 12 years, and for these cases clinical analysis was done. The result were obtained as follows: 1. Among 423 surgically treated patients 20 are teenagers and male to female ratio was 309 (73.0%) to 114 (27.0%). 184 cases (43.2%) had a definite trauma histories, the types of injuries were lifting weight, direct trauma and slip down in order of frequency. 2. The teenagers had more severe tension sign and stiff back, while neurological dificits were less common in teenagers (45%) than the one in adult(55.2%). Average interval between the onset of clinical symptoms and time of operation were 3.4 months. 3. The definite discal rupture was found in 292 cases (69.0%) and the annular discal bulging were faund in 89 cases (21.0%). The most common site of lesions were between L 4-5 vertebrae (76.8%) and the next between L5-51 and L3-4 vertebrae. 4. The majority of surgically removed discs showed degenerative changes histopathologically. 5. Intervertebral discal space changes on X-ray after surgery were the narrowing of space, eburnation of end plate, spur formation and segmental instability, etc. 6. In this series of disc surgery were persistent backache, tingling and/or numbness in the leg, stiffback and limited S.L.R., etc., and the post-operative complications were subcutaneous hematoma, soft tissue infection, drop foot and diskitis, etc..
Adolescent ; Back Pain ; Clinical Study ; Discitis ; Female ; Foot ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Hypesthesia ; Intervertebral Disc ; Leg ; Lifting ; Male ; Rupture ; Soft Tissue Infections ; Spine

No abstract available.
Arteriovenous Malformations ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic

Shoulder kinematics is important, as it is associated with shoulder arthropathy and pain mechanisms. Various static and dynamic analysis methods are prevalent for shoulder kinematics. These include 2-dimensional plane x-ray, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, cadaver study, electromagnetic motion analysis, transcortical bone pins technique, and in vivo 3-dimensional motion analysis. Although these methods provide the value of the shoulder kinematics angle, they are unable to explain why such changes occur. Since each method has its pros and cons, it is important to understand all factors accurately, and to choose a method that best meets the purpose of the researcher.
Biomechanical Phenomena* ; Bone Nails ; Cadaver ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnets ; Methods ; Shoulder*

The discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes have made it possible to partly understand the mechanism of cancer development. It is generally accepted that the cancer development is caused by specific gene alterations and now more than 100 oncogenes and suppressor genes are known to be involved in human carcinogenesis. However, there are only a few reports about oncogene expression on bone tumors. The author carried out an immunohistochemical study to reveal the oncogene and suppressor genes on carcinogenesis of bone tumors using antibodies against c-myc, c-H-ras, p53 and EGF. In 32 cases of osteochondrorma, EGF, p53 and c-myc antisera revealed positive reaction in 4 (12.5%), 2 (6.3%) and 7 (21.9%) cases, and, in 4 cases of chondrosarcoma, c-myc antisera revealed positive reaction in 2 (50%) cases. In 21 cases of osteosarcoma, the positive reaction of p53 was noted in 10 (47.6%) cases and that of c-myc in 3 (14.3%) cases. In 14 cases of fibrous bone tumors, there are only 2 (14.3%) cases of positive reaction with p53. These results suggest some roles of the p53 and c-myc genes in osteosarcoma development and c-myc gene in osteochondroma and chondrosarcoma development.
Antibodies ; Carcinogenesis ; Chondrosarcoma ; Epidermal Growth Factor ; Genes, myc ; Genes, Suppressor ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor* ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Oncogene Proteins ; Oncogenes* ; Osteochondroma ; Osteosarcoma

BACKGROUNDS: This study was investigated for assessing of the sedative dose of midazolam and its influence on neonatal Apgar score that intravenously injected immediately before operation during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. METHODS: Midazolam, 1 mg, was given into a freely running IV line every 30s 2 min after 2 mg of midazolam was initiately injected. Ten seconds prior to each injection patients were asked to open the eye. No response, as determined by the anesthesiologists, to three promptly repeated and increasingly louder commands was considered the end-point for the study and no further midazolam was given. RESULTS: The sedative dose of midazolam in our study was 3.3 1.1 mg and interindividual variation (range: 2~7 mg) were wide. Respiratory depression was occurred in one of pregnant women with midazolam. All of the Apgar scores of the newborn infants at 1 and 5 min in both groups were higher than seven. CONCLUSIONS: When the intravenous injection of midazolam for sedation immediately before operation is required in pregnant women during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section, we would like to suggest that one should initiately administer the small dose and then inject the incremental dose with careful observation of the respiratory status.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Apgar Score ; Cesarean Section* ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Injections, Intravenous ; Midazolam* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women* ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Running

The birth of conjoined twins remains an extremely rare event. Most of such twins are stillborn and one third of the live births die within first day of life. In Korea, there are only three reports on the anesthesia for separation of different kinds of conjoined twins. In view of anesthesia for separation of such twins prematurity, low birth weight, and anomalous shared organ play the major role on the perioperative morbidity and mortality. Such anesthesia therefore is one of the exceedingly complex fields among the pediatric anesthesia and require mobilization of all possible methods and monitoring devices used for pediatric anesthesia. We performed careful preoperative evaluation of extent of joining, discussion and rehearsal of separation procedure between separation team, and anesthetic care such as all possible monitoring, preservation of body temperature, appropriate fluid therapy, awake intubation, avoid neuromuscular blockers, and thorough separation of duty. The separated twins showed normal weight gain postoperatively and discharged postoperative 31th day without any complications.
Anesthesia* ; Body Temperature ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intubation ; Korea ; Live Birth ; Mortality ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ; Parturition ; Twins, Conjoined ; Weight Gain

No Abstract Available.
Brucella abortus* ; Brucella* ; Immunity, Humoral* ; Jeju-do* ; Recombinant Proteins*

To define the basic sequential events of the healing process in normal fracture and evaluate the role of growth regulatory molecules and extracellular matrix components, the expression of transforming growth factor β(TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF), type I and II collagen, and chemistry during the healing process of an experimental fracture of tibia in 41 adult rats for 7 weeks using ABC methods. The phases of inflammation, reparation, and remodeling followed each other in sequence. The inflammatory phase was characterized by hemorrhage, edema, and infiltration of inflammatory cells on the first day. During the reparative phase, the undifferentiated mesenchyme undergoes rapid chondrogenesis, followed by endochondral ossification and supplemented by appositional bone formation. At day 3, the expression of TGF-β and PDGF was noted in the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and from day 5, these two growth factors were detected in the osteoblasts and extracellular matrix in areas of endochondral ossification and newly formed periosteal bone. From day 3, the expression of type I collagen and osteonectin was noted in the osteoblasts and extracellular matrix in both endochondral ossification and appositional bone growth as a marker of ossification. From day 3, type III collagen was mainly expressed in the plump mesenchymal cells showing chondroid differentiation and chondroid matrix as a marker of cartilaginous reparative phase. From day 14, these growth factors and extracellular matrix components were decreased in staining intensity and at the 5th week, the histology and immunostaining pattern were similar to the mature bone.
Adult ; Animals ; Bone Development ; Chemistry ; Chondrogenesis ; Collagen Type I ; Collagen Type III ; Collagen ; Edema ; Extracellular Matrix ; Fracture Healing ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mesoderm ; Osteoblasts ; Osteogenesis ; Osteonectin ; Rats ; Tibia ; Transforming Growth Factors

PURPOSE: This study was describes the development and implementation a sex education program with a blended learning method for university students. METHODS: Sixty-eight university students were recruited either to the experimental group (n=35) or the control group (n=33). This program was developed based on the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation model. The analysis phase consisted of a literature review, focus group interview, expert consultations, and target group survey. In addition, learning objectives and structure were designed, and a printed text-book, presentation slides, cross-word puzzle, and debate topics were developed. In the implementation phase, the program was conducted 3 times over the course of 3 weeks. The evaluation phase involved verification of the effects of the program on sex-related knowledge, sexual autonomy, and justification of violence, as well as an assessment of satisfaction with the program. RESULTS: The experimental group had significantly higher scores on sex-related knowledge (t=5.47, p < .001), sexual autonomy (t=2.40, p=.019), and justification of violence (t=2.52, p=.015) than the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that this sex education program with blended learning was effective in meeting the needs of university students and can be widely used in this context.
Focus Groups ; Humans ; Learning* ; Methods ; Referral and Consultation ; Sex Education* ; Violence

BACKGROUND: Repair of superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion in patients older than 40 years is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes of arthroscopic repair of SLAP lesions between younger and older patient groups. METHODS: We reviewed 50 patients with isolated type II SLAP lesions who underwent arthroscopic repair. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included 20 patients aged <40 years, and group 2 included 30 patients aged > or =40 years. Functional outcome at the final follow-up was assessed using a visual analog scale for pain and satisfaction, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons form, Constant score, University of California at Los Angeles score, and periodic change in range of motion (ROM). Anatomical outcome was evaluated using computed tomography (CT) arthrography at least 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: No significant differences in functional scores or postoperative ROM were observed between the 2 groups. In group 2, later recovery of ROM (forward flexion, p=0.025; internal rotation, p=0.034) and lower satisfaction score (p=0.06) were observed for atraumatic patients (n=16) compared to patients with traumatic injury (n=14). Fifteen patients in group 1 (15/17, 88%) and 21 patients in group 2 (21/26, 81%) demonstrated a healed labrum on postoperative CT arthrography, and this difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that arthroscopic repair of type II SLAP lesions can yield good functional and anatomical outcomes regardless of age, if patient selection is adequate. However, the delay in ROM recovery and lower satisfaction, particularly in older patients without traumatic injury, should be considered.
Arthrography ; Arthroscopy ; California ; Elbow ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Patient Selection ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Shoulder ; Visual Analog Scale