PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to set up a hypothetical model to explain causal relationships among influential variables in the mother-child relationship for Korean infants and toddlers and their mothers. The research was based on Barnard's (1978) mother-child relations model, and goodness-of-fit was examined. METHODS: The participants were 207 mothers with infants or toddlers. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS programs. RESULTS: Regarding the influence of the variables on the mother-child relationship between infants and toddlers and their mothers, social support had a 75% explanation of mother-child relationships, and attachment had a 58% explanation of social support. Attachment had both direct and indirect effects on the mother-child relationships, and social support had direct and total effects on the mother-child relationships. Among child-related variables, child temperament had a moderating effect on the mother-child relationships. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that the model has utility in developing effective nursing intervention methods to boost mother-child relationships between infants and toddlers and their mothers.
Child ; Humans ; Infant* ; Mother-Child Relations* ; Mothers* ; Nursing ; Temperament

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and factors associated with it among elders in a rural community. METHODS: Data were collected from 683 subjects with a questionnaire, physical measurement, and blood test. The prevalence of the MS was determined by AHA/NHLBI and waist circumference cutoff points for Koreans. RESULTS: The prevalence of the MS was 50.5% in total (41.6% in men, 56.3% in women) while the prevalence of 5 metabolic risk factors was 67.7% for elevated blood pressure, 51.0% for low HDL-cholesterol, and 50.2% for abdominal obesity. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of the MS included family history, BMI, and physical activity; significant factors associated with that of metabolic components included family history, BMI, smoking, drinking, and physical activity. Especially, a higher BMI was a strong risk factor of the prevalence of abdominal obesity as well as the MS and its components. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that nurses should care for elders based on each metabolic component regarding its prevalence level and concentrate primarily on reducing elevated blood pressure, low HDL-cholesterol by controlling the main risk factor, abdominal obesity through lifestyle modification.
Aged ; Blood Pressure ; Drinking ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Life Style ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Waist Circumference ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Purpose: This study aimed to examine how the expertise and interactivity of a physical therapist impact a patient’s intention to revisit a hospital based on trust. Methods: We surveyed 274 patients who received physical therapy in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province to assess their reliability and revisit intentions based on their expertise and interactivity. SPSS 22.0 was used for frequency analysis and reliability verification, while AMOS 18.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis and model verification. Results: Physical therapist interactivity significantly impacted patients’ intentions to revisit based on trust. The physical therapist’s expertise had a significant effect on trust but did not demonstrate a significant effect on the intention to revisit. Conclusion The interactivity of physical therapists has an important effect on patients’ intentions to revisit a hospital based on trust. Although therapist-centered expertise can generate trust in patients, it positively affects the intention to revisit the hospital. Therefore, it is suggested that physical therapists’ patient-centered expertise and interactivity build patients’ trust and are important for revisiting intention.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of dental caries in 12-year-old Korean adolescents through multivariate analysis. Methods: This study used raw data from the 2015 Korea Children’s Oral Health Survey. The study participants were 12-year-old adolescents. A total of 27,291 people participated in the questionnaire and oral test. The statistical analysis methods used were multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and factor analysis. Results: The result was derived after analyzing the dental caries pattern of teeth and tooth surface by multi-dimensional scaling method, cluster analysis method, and factor analysis. Morphologically homologous teeth were gathered to form clusters. Caries occurrence showed a more similar caries experience pattern when the types of tooth surfaces, such as occlusal and occlusal surfaces, were the same than when they were different. Conclusions Epidemiological data on the pattern of dental caries in 12-year-old adolescents can be used as basic data to create evidence-based dental caries management plans.

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a couple-centered antenatal education program and to test the program’s feasibility. Methods: With a preliminary-experimental study design, 33 pregnant couples who were expecting their first child participated in this study. The program consisted of four sessions (1 hour/session/week) of education and counseling. Data were collected before and after the intervention from September 2018 to April 2019 at a women’s hospital in Daejeon, Korea, with demographic data forms, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Maternal–Fetal Attachment Scale, Korean Newborn Care Confidence Scale, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale-10. Results: The pregnant women and their husbands were on average 32.30±3.11 and 33.21±6.25 years old, respectively. The mean marriage duration was 2.34±1.63 years, the gestational age was 31.30±2.66 weeks, and 78.8% of the couples had a planned pregnancy. After the program, both the pregnant women and their husbands showed significant improvements in attachment to the fetus and confidence in providing infant care. Prenatal depression, prenatal stress, and fear of childbirth in pregnant women significantly decreased after completing the program. However, the dyadic adjustment score did not change significantly either in the pregnant women or their husbands. Conclusion A couple-centered antenatal education program seems to be effective for couples adjusting to parenthood, but further studies should explore ways to have a positive impact on couples’ relationships.

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a couple-centered antenatal education program and to test the program’s feasibility. Methods: With a preliminary-experimental study design, 33 pregnant couples who were expecting their first child participated in this study. The program consisted of four sessions (1 hour/session/week) of education and counseling. Data were collected before and after the intervention from September 2018 to April 2019 at a women’s hospital in Daejeon, Korea, with demographic data forms, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Maternal–Fetal Attachment Scale, Korean Newborn Care Confidence Scale, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale-10. Results: The pregnant women and their husbands were on average 32.30±3.11 and 33.21±6.25 years old, respectively. The mean marriage duration was 2.34±1.63 years, the gestational age was 31.30±2.66 weeks, and 78.8% of the couples had a planned pregnancy. After the program, both the pregnant women and their husbands showed significant improvements in attachment to the fetus and confidence in providing infant care. Prenatal depression, prenatal stress, and fear of childbirth in pregnant women significantly decreased after completing the program. However, the dyadic adjustment score did not change significantly either in the pregnant women or their husbands. Conclusion A couple-centered antenatal education program seems to be effective for couples adjusting to parenthood, but further studies should explore ways to have a positive impact on couples’ relationships.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of applying the Pilates reformer exercise to 17 adult women on the alignment of the standing posture. Methods: The subjects performed a Pilates reformer exercise for 60 minutes a day, three times a week, for a total of eight weeks. The Pilates reformer exercise consisted of five types: 1) lower and lift, 2) hundred, 3) plow, 4) airplane, and 5) twist. The standing posture alignment in the sagittal and frontal planes was measured using exbody 9100MOMI musculoskeletal analysis equipment. Results: A comparison of before and after the exercise using paired t-test revealed a significant decrease in the difference between the horizontal inclination and the vertical height that approached zero after the intervention in the frontal plane of anterior and posterior standing postures (p<0.05), and the lateral standing posture in the sagittal plane. In addition, the difference between the horizontal inclination and the vertical height decreased and approached zero after the intervention (p<0.05). Conclusion The Pilates reformer exercise had a positive effect on the alignment of the standing posture.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to suggest the importance of natural childbirth by investigating the results of midwife-led perinatal periods and whether they were positive experiences for both individual women and their families. Methods: This retrospective study aimed to confirm the perinatal outcomes of midwife-attended vaginal births. Among 1,127 women who gave midwife-led birth in Gyeonggi-do, Seoul between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2021, data were collected for 829 women. Records were excluded that were missing necessary data. Data on childbirth were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and the chi-square test. Results: Among the mothers who underwent natural childbirth, 549 (66.2%) were multiparous. In addition, all 829 patients (100%) breast-fed their infants. First-degree perineal lacerations occurred in 29.2% of patients, and second-degree lacerations occurred in 48%. Non–high-risk subjects made up 56.0% of the study sample. The average bleeding amount was 281.44±4.50, and the average 1-minute Apgar score for infants was 8.25±0.02. Conclusion Compared to childbirth in a hospital, natural childbirth was associated with a lower risk of birth canal laceration, postpartum bleeding, and Cesarean section. In addition, the health statuses of the newborns were confirmed to be good . Based on the results of this study, there is a need for a strategy in which midwife-led natural childbirth is integrated into the local medical system, as well as a need to raise women's awareness of natural childbirth and positively influence the experience.

Purpose: This study examined the effects of applying the Pilates reformer exercise to 17 adult women on the alignment of the standing posture. Methods: The subjects performed a Pilates reformer exercise for 60 minutes a day, three times a week, for a total of eight weeks. The Pilates reformer exercise consisted of five types: 1) lower and lift, 2) hundred, 3) plow, 4) airplane, and 5) twist. The standing posture alignment in the sagittal and frontal planes was measured using exbody 9100MOMI musculoskeletal analysis equipment. Results: A comparison of before and after the exercise using paired t-test revealed a significant decrease in the difference between the horizontal inclination and the vertical height that approached zero after the intervention in the frontal plane of anterior and posterior standing postures (p<0.05), and the lateral standing posture in the sagittal plane. In addition, the difference between the horizontal inclination and the vertical height decreased and approached zero after the intervention (p<0.05). Conclusion The Pilates reformer exercise had a positive effect on the alignment of the standing posture.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze dental caries incidence in the permanent teeth of 12-year-old children. Methods: This study used the raw data from the 2015 Korean children’s oral health survey. Participants of the research were 12-year-old children in their first year of middle school. A total of 27,291 people participated in the questionnaire and oral examination. Statistical analysis was performed using complex samples frequency analysis and contingency coefficient phi (φ). Results: Dental caries predominately developed symmetrically with a higher tendency for left-right symmetry than for maxillary-mandibular symmetry in the mouth. The incidence of dental caries between adjacent teeth had a statistically significant correlation and was highest in the first and second premolars. Conclusions Information on symmetry in the development of dental caries and the association of dental caries incidence between adjacent teeth of 12-year-old children should be actively utilized when establishing evidence-based dental caries management plans.