This study was performed to explore relationships between depression and discomfort of patients with cast or traction. 112 patients were selected from several hospitals in Jeon-buk province. Data were collected from Feb. 26th. to March, 2nd. of 1996 using survey interview designed by the investigator. Data analysis included percentage, mean, and standard deviation, t-test ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results were as follows: 1. The depression score and the discomfort score were positively correlated (r=.3654, p=.0001) 2. The result shows that the score of ADLs (activities of daily living) and the score of discomfort were negatively correlated and they were statistically significant (activity r=-.1980, p=.0363; eating r=-.3483, p=.0002; bathroom r=-.4207, p=.0001; wearing r=-.4602, p=.0001. bathing r=-.3489, p=.0002).
Activities of Daily Living ; Baths ; Depression* ; Eating ; Humans ; Jeollabuk-do ; Research Personnel ; Statistics as Topic ; Traction*

Four subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen are useful in the epidemiologic studies of the route of virus transmission and clinical significance of simultaneous occurance of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in the same serum as well as useful marker for population migration. The sera were obtained from 214 HBs Ag positive patients who are diagnosed as chronic liver disease and following up in the Yeungnam university hospital. The subtypes were determined by solid-phase sandwich EM using monoclonal antibodies. Among 214 specimens, the subtype adr was 93.9%, adw was 2.8%, ayr was 0.9%, ar was 0.9%, adwr was 1.4% and ayw was not detected. There were no correlation between subtype pattern and disease. In summary, the subtype adr was prominent in our study and the difference of subtype pattern by severity of disease was not significant. However, to determine the prognostic value of HBs Ag subtype and relationship between subtype and disease progression, long-term follow up will be needed.
Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Disease Progression ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Liver Diseases* ; Liver*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of exercise self-efficacy and exercise benefits/barriers on doing regular exercise among elderly. METHODS: The subjects were 484 older adults who were eligible and agreed to participate in this study. Data were collected from July 27 to September 21, 2007 by face-to-face, and private interviews. The questionnaires consisted of Exercise Self-efficacy, and Exercise Benefits/Barriers. The collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 13.0 program, which was used for frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) Approximately 56.8% of participants were doing regular exercise. Study participants' exercise self-efficacy mean score was 36.30, exercise benefits 2.74, and exercise barriers 2.03; 2) There was significant correlation between exercise self-efficacy and exercise benefits; 3) Significant factors influencing regular exercise were self-efficacy, exercise benefits and exercise barriers. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that nurses should emphasize exercise benefits/barriers and reinforce self-efficacy to improve regular exercise in the elderly.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Attitude to Health ; *Exercise ; Female ; *Health Behavior ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Motivation ; Questionnaires ; Regression Analysis ; Self Care ; Self Concept ; *Self Efficacy

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to investigate factors related to the depression of the elderly dwelling in a big city, and to explore the influence of physical health, cognitive symptom and nutritional status on the elders' depression. METHODS: After the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and obtaining the participants' consent form, a face-to-face and private interview was conducted with each participant from May, 2007 to Aug, 2007 by trained graduate level students. A total of 201 elders aged over 65 years participated in the study. The questionnaire consisted of K-GDS, PHQ-15 and Nutritional Screening Initiative (NSI). Collected data were analyzed with the SPSS 13.0 program, which was used for frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. RESULTS: The major findings of this study were as follows. 1) 28.4% of the subjects belonged to the depression group, 78.1% had one or more diseases, 85.6% had experienced somatic symptoms, and 49.7% belonged to the nutritional risk group. 2) Older age, lower educational level, more pocket money, a larger number of diseases, more severe cognitive symptoms and poorer nutritional status were significantly related to a higher depression score. 3) Significant factors influencing depression were nutritional status, cognitive symptoms and the number of diseases, which explained 38.1% of the variance of elderly depression, and nutritional status was the most influencing factor. CONCLUSION: The finding of this study gives useful information for developing assessment tools and interventions for elders' depression.
Aged* ; Consent Forms ; Depression* ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Neurobehavioral Manifestations* ; Nutritional Status* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The authors observed thirty two cases of nephrotic syndrome admitted at Pediatric Department of St. Benedict Hospital, Busan, Korea. No specific cause for nephrotic syndrome was found in all patients. Respnse to the initial continuous steroid therapy, relapsing patterns and onset of diuresis between steroid only and steroid combined with furosemide especially in severely illed patients were evaluated in this study. The mean period of observation was 3.2 years. 1) The mean age of onset was 7.1 years. Most of them(97%) showed under the 10 years of age at onset. The ratio of male and female was 4.3 to 1. The seasonal incidence showed prevalence from September to October (31%). 2) Upper respiratory infection (21.9%) was the most common associated infection at onset. 3) Complete remission was showed in 23 children (71.8%) after initial continuous steroid therapy. Partial remission in which mild biochemical abnormalities and residual proteinuria wer still present after initial continuous steroid therapy was showed in 6 patients (18.8%), but biochemical abnormalities and residual proteinuria returned to normal within subsequent several months. Three patients (9.4%) were restant to initial steroid therapy. 4) Proteinuria abolished in most of them (87.4%) after 3 weeks of prednisolone therapy in complete remitted patient group, and also abolished after not more than 6 months treatment and their subsequent course in partial remitted patient group. 5) 10 patients (45.4%) had an episode of relapses more than one time, though most of them once or twice, 7 patients (31.8%) relapsed at first year and 2 patients (9%) at second year of follow up period. 6) Steriod responsiveness in relapsing cases was the same as first attack except one. 7) Hematuria, hypertension and transient azotemia were observed in 18.7%, 18.7% and 21.8% of he 32 patiets respectively. These findings at onset of illness were present more frequently in patients with poor steroid response and partial remitted patients than with complete remitted patients, and these episodes were also obtained to correlation with a less favorable initial steroid response and outcome. 8) Duration of illness before institution of steroid therapy had no influences on the steroid response. 9) Diruesis was achieved by 5.2 days in group steroid only and by 4.8 days in group of steroid combined with furosemide, 1~2mg/kg/day, p.o. 10) Two cases were remitted after combined therapy with cyclophosphamide (2mg/kg/day for 4~8 weeks) and prednisolone (60mg/m(2)/day as a single dose on alternate days). One of them was early steroid resistant patient and the other frequent relapsing patient. 11) In one patient, chronic renal insufficiency developed progressively during the follow up period. The other one, whohad no responsiveness to initial steroid therapy and youngest at onset, expired with itercurrent infection.
Age of Onset ; Azotemia ; Busan ; Child* ; Cyclophosphamide ; Diuresis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Furosemide ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Nephrotic Syndrome* ; Prednisolone ; Prevalence ; Proteinuria ; Recurrence ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Seasons

PURPOSE: To report a case of migraine attacks with aura that occurred after percutaneous closure of an atrial septal defect (ASD) with the Amplatzer septal occluder device. CASE SUMMARY: A 58-year-old female presented with glare and scintillation that lasted 3 days. She had a history of percutaneous ASD intervention 3 weeks prior. Because ophthalmologic examination revealed nothing remarkable, the patient underwent observation. However, two months later, she revisited our department, presenting with aggravated glare, scintillation, and severe photophobia. Also, she presented with scintillation followed by a headache starting from the right temporal area extending to the occipital area. The patient was diagnosed with migraine with aura, which was newly developed after percutaneous ASD closure. After switching medication from acetylsalicylic acid to clopidogrel, the frequency and intensity of the headaches were reduced. No recurrence of ophthalmic symptoms or headache was observed during the 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous closure of ASD can be complicated by the appearance of migraine attacks with aura. When patients present with glare and scintillation, ophthalmologists must consider the possibility of migraine with aura and migraine induced by secondary causes. Thus, detailed history taking should be taken in order to make an early diagnosis of migraine.
Aspirin ; Early Diagnosis ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glare ; Headache ; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Migraine Disorders* ; Migraine with Aura* ; Photophobia ; Recurrence ; Septal Occluder Device

BACKGROUND: We performed competitive nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the clinical utility of quantitative measurement of HBV DNA by PCR and it's correlation with other serologic hepatits B markers. Because hepatitis markers such as HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBe can not accurately reflect the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS: The internal standard was generated from the HBV core gene by point mutation, which would result in restriction site for the restriction enzyme Eco RI and performed competitive nested PCR followed by densitometric scanning of the amplified products of agarose gel. RESULTS: The sensitivity of nested PCR was 5 molecules in direct observation of agarose gel, but because of the background effect as taking polaroid photo graph it was 50 molecules by using densitometer. When DNA pellets for original 250 microL serum were diluted with 40 microL distilled water the low detection limit was 5.0 x10(3) molecules/microL, however it could be lowered when less diluted. Lower detection limit of densitometer was 6.25 pg by twofold serial dilution of 100 pg of purified HBV DNA PCR products, and regression showed y=0.93x-0.33 (y : density, x : concentration, 6.25 pg considered as 6.25 density). The reproducibility of the densitometer from high concentration was 4.3 +/-0.6 x10(6) molecules/microL(mean +/-SD, CV 14%), and low concentration was 3.7 +/-0.7 x10(4) molecules/microL(mean +/-SD, CV : 20%) Higher concentration of HBV DNA in HBeAg positive cases comparing with HBeAg negative cases was statistically significant (p<0.01). There was no correlation between HBV DNA concentration and serum value of alanine aminotransferase. CONCLUSION: Quantification of HBV DNA should be very useful in clinical follow-up of Post-therapy Patients and in anticipating Prognosis and infectivity of the disease, especially in cases of atypical hepatitis B and hepatitis B without seroconversion of routine hepatitis B markers. The shortcoming of the method seemed to be a rough estimate of HBV concentration as measuring the ratio of specimen/internal standard of two consecutive concentration among 10 folds serially diluted internal standard.
Alanine Transaminase ; Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI ; DNA ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Limit of Detection ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Prognosis ; Sepharose ; Water

PURPOSE: Aspirin(acetylsalicylic acid) has been used to treat unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction in adults and Kawasaki disease in children. The antithrombotic effect of aspirin was attributed to its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation by inhibiting platelet cyclooxygenase, which leads to decreased thromboxane synthesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect on the platelet aggregation by low dose aspirin in Kawasaki patients and to learn the side effects of low-dose aspirin. METHODS: Fifty patients with Kawasaki disease who were treated with low-dose aspirin, and 22 normal children were studied from Jan. 1996 to Dec. 1997. The platelet count, bleeding time, clotting time, platelet aggregation test(induced by ADP, epinephrine, collagen and ristocetin) and blood aspirin level by colorimetric method were checked. RESULTS: The platelet count, bleeding time, and clotting time in the patient group were not significantly different from the control group. The mean maximum platelet aggregation was 54.4+/-12.8% induced by ADP, 15.9+/-11.7% by epinephrine, 55.5+/-23.8% by collagen, 52.6+/-32.2% by ristocetin in the patient group. It was significantly lower than the control group(P<0.05). The mean blood aspirin level in the patient group was 5.4+/-3.7mg/dl. Side effects of low-dose aspirin were bruise, epistaxis and hematuria. CONCLUSION: Low-dose aspirin therapy in patients with Kawasaki disease inhibited platelet aggregation, but attention would be needed because of the tendency to bleed in these patients. Further investigations should be focused on the subject such as the onset of the maximal antiplatelet effect and time needed for the recovery of platelet function.
Adenosine Diphosphate ; Adult ; Angina, Unstable ; Aspirin* ; Bleeding Time ; Blood Platelets* ; Child ; Collagen ; Contusions ; Epinephrine ; Epistaxis ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome* ; Myocardial Infarction ; Platelet Aggregation* ; Platelet Count ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Ristocetin

OBJECTIVE: To assess the feasibility and safety of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) embolization adjuvant to transarterial oily chemoembolization (P-TACE) in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with arterioportal shunts (APS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen patients who underwent PVA embolization for APS before a routine chemoembolization (TACE) procedure were retrospectively reviewed. 10 of these 19 patients underwent follow-up TACE or P-TACE after P-TACE (Group A), but nine patients underwent only initial P-TACE because of progression of HCC and/or underlying liver cirrhosis (Group B). Hepatic function tests, APS grades, and portal flow directions were evaluated before and after P-TACE sessions. Complications after procedures and survival days were also evaluated. RESULTS: In group A, APS grade was improved in eight patients and five of six patients with hepatofugal flow showed restored hepatopetal flow postoperatively. No immediate complication was developed in either group. Transient hepatic insufficiency developed in eight (42.1%) of 19 patients after P-TACE, and seven (87.5%) of these eight recovered within two weeks under conservative care. The mean and median survival time all study subjects was 280 days and 162 days. CONCLUSION: P-TACE is feasible and safe in advanced HCC patients with APS.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage ; Arteriovenous Fistula/therapy ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality/*therapy ; *Chemoembolization, Therapeutic ; Contrast Media/administration & dosage ; Feasibility Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Iodized Oil/administration & dosage ; Liver Circulation ; Liver Neoplasms/mortality/*therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitomycin/administration & dosage ; Polyvinyl Alcohol/*administration & dosage ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome

Double primary cancer of the stomach and esophagus has been revealed a very low incidence in the world except Japan and reported only 6 cases in Korea. Furthermore, it is difficult to manage this type of double cancer because esophageal cancer has a biologic tendency to early metastasis. This paper is concerned with a case of double primary cancer, which we have synchroniously confi~rmed esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma with gastrofiberscopic biopsy, and then treated them by radical resec tion and systemic chemotherapy.
Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Drug Therapy* ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; Esophagus ; Incidence ; Japan ; Korea ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Stomach Neoplasms