OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of insight level with temperament and character pattern in chronic male schizophrenics. In addition, we tried to examine demographic variables and illness-related variables which may affect the level of insight. METHODS: To assess insight level by psychiatrists, Insight and Treatment Attitudes Question-naire(ITAQ), Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder(SUMD) were applied. Temperament and character patterns were evaluated by the Korean version of Cloninger's self-rated Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI). The authors investigated the correlations between insight level, and scores of temperament and character dimensions. Data on the demographic and illness-related variabres for the subjects were gathered from hospital records and clinical interviews. A total of 113 patients with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV criteria was analyzed. The insight level was dichotomized into good(median value of 11) and poor insight group(<11). RESULTS: 1) There was a significant difference between good insightgroup and poor insight group in novelty seeking dimension in TCI. 2) There was a significant negative correlation between novelty seeking scores by TCI and insight scores by ITAQ(rs:Spearman correlation coefficient=-0.20, p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between harm avoidance scores by TCI and insight scores by ITAQ(rs=0.22, p<0.05). 3) Significant differences between good and poor insight groups were identified in diverse clinical variables such as age at onset of illness, mode of hospitalization, duration of illness, current length of stay, and dosage of drug. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that high scores in the temperament dimension of novelty seeking and low scores in the temperament dimension of harm avoidance may influence poor insight in patients with chronic male schizophrenia. Therefore it is clinically valuable for us to assess the pattern of temperament at the stage of insight evaluation. The authors suggest that further studies on temperament and character in schizophrenia is needed.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Hospital Records ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male* ; Psychiatry ; Schizophrenia* ; Temperament*

For the purpose of developing 'Web-Based Nutritional Education Program', this study analyzed nutritional problems of junior/senior high school students and set appropriate instructional goals for nutritional education program. Survey questionnaires were distributed from October 21,2002 to October 26, 2002 to a total of 564 students at three junior high schools and five senior high schools located in Seoul. The total number of questionnaires collected and used in our study was 479, which is 84.9% of the total questionnaires distributed. According to the survey results, three student groups (male and female students at junior high schools and female students at senior high schools) had lower than an ideal body weight. In case of their Basal Metabolic Indices (BMI), the female students and junior high school students showed a tendency to be underweight, while the other three student groups were within the normal range. The result of the survey showed that all four groups of students showed a deficiency in nutrient intake of calories, calcium and thiamin when compared with Korean RDA. Particularly, in the case of the female students at senior high schools, the deficiency of iron intake was a problem. The survey about food attitudes and food habits of the students showed that the senior high school students had more problems when compared with their junior high school counterparts (p < .001). Therefore, the instructional goals of nutritional education program were set as follows: 1) To improve the level of understanding and the perception of junior and senior high school students about the importance of a dietary lifestyle. 2) To change food attitudes and nutritional knowledge related to individual dietary 1ifestyle, so as to maintain good health through the enhancement of the students' physical activities. We found out that it is critically important to factor in the existing problems of food attitudes and food habits, as well as nutrient intake among junior and senor high school students when setting objectives for nutritional education programs.
Calcium ; Education* ; Female ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Iron ; Life Style ; Motor Activity ; Reference Values ; Seoul ; Thinness

The purposes of this study were to: a) develop the quality assessment tool of Web-based Instruction (WBI) for nutrition education, b) evaluate the operated WBI (NutriZone) by this tool, and c) do the feasibility study about quality assessment tool for WBI by establishing the instruction and operating strategies. The developed quality assessment tool of WBI for nutrition education was divided into three categories of instructional design, contents and support & operation. And a total of forty items were measured by Likert 5 point scale, computed as one point per item, and amounted to forty points in all. As a result of evaluation, NutriZone got 21.79 out of 40 points and fulfillment rate of 54.5%. The IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) was applied to establish the instruction and operating strategies, and nine items characterized as attractiveness, multimedia, and learner-initiative were in 'Doing Great, Keep It Up', and so it was regarded as program designed with concern in WBI's characteristics unlike the conventional face-to-face education. But twelve items such as 'Errors on switch to other screens are few.', 'Ready correction leads to be out of systemic error.', 'Highlight marks and moving pictures were used in sign of importance.' and etc. that got high importance and low performance needed to be focused in instructional strategy.
Education* ; Feasibility Studies ; Multimedia

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Web-based nutrition education program for junior and senior high school students. Three materials, which were printed materials on Group I, WBI (Web-Based Instruction) leaflet on Group II and the web-based nutrition education program developed in the antecedent research, were applied for 564 students in 3 junior high school and 4 senior high school in Seoul during 4 weeks. Pre-test was done from October 21 to October 26, 2002 and post-test was done from November 25 to December 13, 2002. The statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS WIN (ver. 11.0) for descriptive analysis, t-test and ANOVA. According to the evaluation of effectiveness for web-based nutrition education program, nutrition knowledge, food attitude, food habit and nutrient intake were not significantly improved but positively. And on the evaluation of effectiveness for nutrition education program by materials, WBI was more effective educational materials than WBI leaflet and printed materials. Consequently nutrition knowledge, food attitude, food habit and nutrient intake were improved positively but not significantly using WBI, which was due to the instructional period of the only 4 weeks. Therefore long-term instruction should be required for effective nutrition program, as well as more WBI nutrition education program for high school students would need to be developed in the near future in that WBI was effective material on nutrition education.
Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Education* ; Food Habits ; Humans ; Seoul

OBJECTIVE: Patients with brain disorder manifest hypermetabolism, increased energy expenditure, and increased protein loss. Nutritional support can prevent loss of immunocompetence, and can decrease morbidity and mortality associated with brain disorder. Thus, we aimed to determine the nutritional status by measuring body mass index (BMI) in patients with brain disorder during the first 6 months and identify factors related to malnutrition in this study. METHOD: We enrolled 244 patients from January 2008 to December 2009. The patients were classified into two groups: BMI under 18.5 were categorized as malnourished, while BMI over 18.5 as not malnourished. Extracted data includes demographic characteristics, type of brain disorder, functional independence measure (FIM) and Korea mini-mental status exam (K-MMSE) scores, history of diabetes mellitus (DM), and laboratory data. Feeding method was classified into oral and enteral tube feeding. RESULTS: The prevalence of malnourished patients was 13.1% (32 out of 244 patients). There was significant difference of total lymphocyte count (TLC) between the two groups. And there was no significant difference of correlation in other parameters. Analysis of feeding method showed that 11.4% of oral feeding patients were malnourished, compared to 17.4% of tube feeding patients who were categorized as malnourished. The tube feeding group tends to be more malnourished. CONCLUSION: The results of this study can be a guide for active rehabilitation of patients with brain disorder, and further studies regarding functional outcome and complications related to early nutritional status is needed.
Body Mass Index ; Brain Diseases* ; Brain Injuries ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Energy Metabolism ; Enteral Nutrition ; Feeding Methods ; Humans ; Immunocompetence ; Korea ; Lymphocyte Count ; Malnutrition ; Mortality ; Nutritional Status* ; Nutritional Support ; Prevalence ; Rehabilitation ; Stroke

PURPOSE: Peanut allergy is a major cause of fatal food-induced anaphylaxis. Cooking methods can affect the allergic properties of peanut proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the allergenicity of peanut according to cooking methods. METHODS: Eight kinds of peanut were included in the study: raw peanut, boiled peanut, roasted peanut (10 min, 20 min and 30 min), peanut butter, fried peanut and vinegarish peanut. The proteins were extracted with PBS and analyzed using the SDS-PAGE IgE immunoblot assay with pooled sera from 8 patients with atopic dermatitis. These patients had peanut- specific IgE levels greater than 15 kU/L, which were measured by the CAP-FEIA. RESULTS: The SDS-PAGE IgE immunoblot assay revealed more intense protein bands of Ara h 2 in roasted peanut and peanut butter than in raw, boiled, fried and vinegarish peanut. The protein band of Ara h 1 was not undetected in fried and vinegarish peanut. Ara h 3 had a stable band pattern in all samples, but there was the most prominent band at 37-40 kDa in vinegarish peanut. The IgE immunoblot assay revealed that 10 min roasted peanut had more IgE binding to Ara h 2, and there was no IgE binding to Ara h 1 in fried and vinegarish peanut. In vinegarish peanut, there was almost no IgE binding to it. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the roasted peanut may increase the allergenicity of Ara h 2 as compared to Ara h 1. Fried and vinegarish peanut may reduce the allergenicity of peanut.
Anaphylaxis ; Butter ; Cooking ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Peanut Hypersensitivity ; Proteins

For the purpose of developing 'Web-Based Nutritional Education Program', this study did instructional analysis, analysis of entry behaviors and learner characteristics to select instructional contents for nutritional education program for junior/senior high school students. Survey questionnaires were distributed from October 21, 2002 to October 26, 2002 to a total of 564 junior/senior high school students in Seoul. The total number of questionnaires collected and used in our study was 479, which is 84.9% of the total questionnaires distributed. As a result of the curriculum analysis of 'Techonolgy-Home economics', subjects related with 'food and nutrition' in the 7th educational course study result, lessons including the contents of food and nutrition were 'nutrition and meal of adolescent' in 7th grade, 'family meal management' in 9th grade and 'practice of home life' in 10th grade. According to the curriculum analysis, 'nutrition' and 'food' were chosen for the superior subjects of nutrition education program and four subordinate subjects per superior one were developed. Then, entry behaviors and learner characteristics were analyzed: life characteristics, internet usage, anthropometrics data and nutritional knowledge. Students were interested in using computer and preferred passive activity to dynamic activity. According to the analysis of internet usage, WBI for students should composed active parts such as game, moving image, immediate reply and follow-up by e-mail, bulletin board and community activity. Students' BMI were in normal range but they were lacked nutritional knowledge. We wrote performance objectives that were specific behavior skills to be learned, the conditions under which they must be performed and the criteria for successful performance. The next step for developing the WBI nutrition education program would be based on the results mentioned above.
Curriculum ; Education* ; Electronic Mail ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Internet ; Meals ; Reference Values ; Seoul

The purposes of this study were to survey the present situation of nutrition education in junior/senior high school, to analyze the difference between the favorite subjects on students and the existing subject done by dietitians on nutrition education, and then to identify the subjects of nutritional education for junior/senior high school students. Self-administered questionnaires were given to dietitians and students and 142 of the 200 dietitians (71.0%) and 479 of the 564 students (84.9%) responded to the questionnaire on the nutritional education. According to the survey results, 76.1% of school dietitians currently were doing nutrition education for students while the other 23.9% didn't have such education programs even though they recognized the necessity strongly. The target of nutrition education was student rather than parents or teacher generally and the principal measuring method for nutrition education effect was 'change of plate waste and leftover'. It was found that significant difference in the collector and source of nutritional education information between junior and senior high school dietitians (p < .05). About ninety-eight percentage of dietitians felt that nutrition education should keep pace with meal service and this meant that almost respondent recognized the necessity of nutrition education for students. Because the most serious one among operational problems of nutrition education program was lack of enough time owing to too many affairs as dietitian, junior and senior high schools should support so that dietitians would share enough time for nutrition education. And also, a gap was existed between actual and favorite subjects on nutrition education. Significant differences existed in the following subjects; 'basic concept of food and nutrition', 'disease and nutrition', 'food culture in the world', 'cooking and culinary art', 'food of the 24 divisions of the year in the lunar calendar', 'food waste and environmental issue', 'food habit and food behavior', 'exercise and nutrition' (p < .001), 'table manner', 'food and individual sanitation', 'recommended dietary allowance' (p < .01) and 'menu planning' (p < .05). Finally, 24 subjects of nutritional education were selected based on the survey results. These subjects would be expected to be able to contribute the effective and interesting nutrition education program for junior and senior high school students.
Education* ; Humans ; Meals ; Nutritionists ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: There is very limited data present on smoking cessation rates in outpatient departments of pulmonology. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a brief smoking cessation intervention program in an outpatient department of pulmonology and identify predictors of smoking cessation failure. METHODS: After a brief recommendation of smoking cessation from pulmonologists, smokers willing to quit smoking were given individual counseling and supplement drugs. Fifty smokers were included in this study and baseline characteristics, smoking history and success rate were reviewed at 3 months. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 58.3+/-14.6 years and the total group of patients included 3 women. The rate of smoking cessation success was 74% at 3 months, and there were no differences in age, spirometric indexes and associated diseases between the smoking cessation success and failure group. The rate of supplement drug usage was not different in both groups either. However, body weight, mean number of cigarette usage per day and nicotine dependence scores in the failure group were significantly higher than in the success group. In multivariate analysis, body weight and mean number of cigarette usage per day were significant. Two smokers with a depressive disorder failed the smoking cessation. CONCLUSION: A smoking cessation intervention program in the outpatient department of pulmonology showed a favorable success rate. More intensive interventions are needed to unfavorable groups which include the obese and heavy smokers.
Body Weight ; Counseling ; Depressive Disorder ; Female ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Outpatients ; Pulmonary Medicine ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Smoking Cessation ; Tobacco Products ; Tobacco Use Disorder

The overall incidence of malignancy in a renal transplanted patient is 3 to 5 times higher compared with general population. We report a very rare case of multiple leiomyoma originated from lung after renal transplantation. 33-year-old male underwent renal transplantation in November, 1989. A 5 mm sized pulmonary nodule was found in the left lower lobe incidentally in March, 2001. The size of pulmonary nodule increased and same lesion was found on the opposite side of the lung on chest roentgenogram after one year, so we proceeded with computed tomography of the chest. Variable sized multiple nodules in the whole lung field were noted, which were thought be metastatic lesions, and for detection of the primary site of malignancy, further study including esophagogastroduodenoscope, colon study, abdominal ultrasound, abdominal CT, bone scan and tumor marker were checked, but there was no evidence of primary cancer. After open lung biopsy low malignant potential smooth muscle tumor was noted, and Epstein-barr virus (EBV) DNA was detected. The patient had been maintained on immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and after the diagnosis of leiomyoma administration of MMF was stoped, and cyclosporine dosage was reduced. With the reduction of immunosuppressants, intravenous immunoglobulin trial was done for the first cycle, but the efficacy of treatment is not clear.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Colon ; Cyclosporine ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Incidence ; Kidney Transplantation ; Leiomyoma* ; Lung ; Male ; Smooth Muscle Tumor ; Thorax ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography