After 10 years of implementing the program of neonatal tetanus elimination from 1992 to 2001 in the Northern region, the tetanus toxoid coverage for pregnant and for child bearing age women have always been maintained at greater than 84%. The incidence of NT per 1000 live births has decreased, from 0.23 in 1994 to 0.07 in 2001. The disease has been eliminated at provincial level since 1995 and at district level since 1999.
Tetanus ; Elimination Disorders

National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology combined with International Vaccine Institute to conduct a qualitative study on Japanese encephalitis immunization and control policy in Viet Nam in 2002. The study applied quick assess method including collection information from many source and interview. In 2 months, the study determined experienced lesson of Vietnam in giving Japanese encephalitis vaccine into open immunization program. The study showed that policy of Japanese encephalitis immunization in Vietnam was effect due to suitable strategies and correct decisions.
Encephalitis, Japanese ; Immunization

On 293 healthy children of 2-4 years old of age in the Commune Song Ho, Thuan Thanh District, Bac Ninh Province, of them 101 children were vaccinated with Vietnam produced vaccine and 102 with Biken vaccine. Results showed that Vietnam produced vaccine manifested an antibody response of 100% with Tb antibody valent (GMT) of 3.48. After 1 year of basal immunization, GMT decreased by 2.49 but it was still higher than 2.5 times of minimal value and after the 3rd injection of vaccines GMT increased by > 4.01 times higher than the basal immunization level. In comparing with Biken vaccine, the Vietnam produced vaccine has a GMT antibody response rate and a long duration of life of antibody with high level comparable to the Japan produced vaccine
Child ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines

In 2001, there were 37 outbreaks of measles with various sizes in the Northern region. 36 out of 37 outbreaks were confirmed by MAC-ELISA. Percentage of positive sera was 86.3%. The measles outbreaks became more seriously in mountainous areas. The measles cases occurred all the year, and focused on January to May, with the peaks were January and February. The distribution of measles by age group has changed to group of older children, with most of cases were in 5-15 age group. 64.5% of measles cases were not immunization. The ratio of non-immunization to immunization increased with age group
Measles ; Diseases ; Child

The serology epidemiological investigation on 2-10 years old children in 3 geographic areas of Thanh Hoa province after immunized by oral OPV vaccine showed a rate of protective antibody of 76.5% to all 3 types. There is no difference in the rate of children having protective antibody to type 1 and 2 but type 3 in these 3 areas. A difference of GMT among children in 3 geographic areas, and the last level is in Yen Dinh district. GMT to each polio virus type was higher than the protective immunity level (>8)
Poliomyelitis ; Child ; Diseases ; epidemiology ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral

The study on 2530 cases of neonatal death in the hospitals of 28 northern provinces showed 44 cases of neonatal tetanus, among them 33 deaths. The diseases distributed in 17/28 provinces with a highest incidence (of 1000 live born infants) in Lang Son province. The cases distributed only in 40/306 districts and over all months in the year. They occurred in ethnic minority mothers did not receive adequate vaccines and 94$ of diseases occurred by contagious tool to cut ombilical cordon (6% cut by bambo tool)
Tetanus ; Diseases ; Patients ; Tetany

Background: Severe penetrating eye injury is a common emergency in ophthalmology. Objectives: The evaluation results and complications following vitrectomy in severe penetrating injury in children. Subjects and method: This study included 136 eyes with penetrating eye injury, who were treated at the Trauma department of National Institute of Ophthalmology, Hanoi \ufffd?Vietnam from 1999-2000. Vitrectomy was performed through the limbal and pars plana in 135 patients, 105 boys and 30 girls. Results: Remove intraocular foreign body: 11%, procedure for retinal detachments: 14%. The common functional success (visual acuity of 5/2000 or better) rate was 55,1%. Functional success: absent retinal detachment: 60,7%; present: 21,1%. Anatomic success rate was 66,2%. 4 eyes (2,9%) were eviscerated. Complications of the surgery were: iridocyclite, edema of the cornea, hemorrhage, hyphema. Conclusion:Vitrectomy techniques showed its good effect in treating penetrating eye injury in children. Presence retinal damage and endophthalmitis have significant effect on the final visual outcomes.
Eye Injuries ; Penetrating/ surgery ; Vitrectomy ; Child ;

Background: Penetrating eye injury is common cause blind or many long-term complications later. One of the complications such as glaucoma in the eye. There were some research on glaucoma after penetrating eye injury, but no reports about the treatment of glaucoma. Objectives: To describe the clinical characteristics and assess the outcomes of surgery in the treatment of glaucoma after penetrating eye injury. Subjects and method: The author performed a prospective analysis of 32 eyes the underwent surgery causes by glaucoma after penetrating eye injury at Trauma department of National Institute of Ophthalmology. Follow up period: 6 months. Data was processed by using medical statistics methods on SPSS 10.5 software. Results: Of the 32 patients, 21 were men (65.6%) and 11 were women (34.4%). Localization of the injury: in the cornea 93.8%; lens damages 100%; vitreous organization 56.3%; retinal detachment 12.5%. Functional success (visual acuity >0.02): 18.8%, 4 eyes were enucleated. The normal intraocular pressure after surgery was 71.9%. Conclusion: The clinical characteristics of glaucoma after penetrating eye injury are complicated and multivariable. The rate of normal pressure after treatment was 71.9%.
Glaucoma/surgery ; Eye Injuries ; Penetrating ;

Background: Penetrating eye injury caused by mine explosion is a severe ophthalmologic injury. It is rare in Viet Nam and there were no studies on this type of injury. Objectives: To describe the clinical characteristics and evaluate the outcomes of surgery for penetrating eye injury caused by mine explosions. Subjects and method: The prospective analysis was conducted on 34 patients (36 eyes) with penetrating eye injury presented at the Trauma Department of Viet Nam National Institute of Ophthalmology. They were followed up for two years. Results: Out of the \r\n', u'34 patients, 31 were men (91.2%). Types of injury: corneal tear 93.8%, lens damage: 100%, vitreous damage: 56.3%, retinal detachment 25%, intraocular foreign body 72.2%. Initial visual acuity less than 0.02 was 96.9%. The final visual acuity was improved to better than 0.02 in 58.3% of patients. The intraocular pressures were normalized in 72.2% of patients after treatment. Conclusion: Penetrating eye injury caused by exploding mines has very severe clinical features. Despite of improvements in surgical techniques and instruments, the final visual acuity was still poor. The visual outcomes primarily depended on initial damages to the eye.\r\n', u'
Mine ; Penetrating eye injury ; Vitrectomy

Background: Alkali burns are severe injuries of the eyes. Recently, using topical steroid in treatment of ocular alkali burns has provided better outcomes. However, there is no study on treating ocular alkali burns by topical steroid in Vietnam. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and assess the outcome with topical steroid used in the treatment of ocular Alkali burns. Subject and Method: The author performed a prospective analysis of 45 alkali eye burns at the Trauma department of the National Institute of Ophalmology, Hanoi. All patients were treated with topical steroid and vitamin C. Results: There were 19 eyes were mild injures, 26 eyes were severe injuries. 32.5% had a good visual acuity. None of patients with severe injuries had a good visual acuity. Complications: corneal opacity: 42.2%, elevated IOP 17.8%. Conclusion: Treatment of ocular alkali burns with topical steroid and vitamin C is not associated with corneal perforating and provide a good outcome.
Alkali burn ; Steroid