Animals ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Yellow Fever ; virology ; Yellow fever virus ; genetics ; metabolism

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Yellow Fever ; epidemiology ; Yellow fever virus ; immunology

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever (YF) can be prevented through vaccination, but YF vaccination causes adverse events. The increasing number of travelers to YF-endemic areas prompted an investigation of YF vaccination's adverse events on Koreans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January to December 2007, 318 live-17DD vaccinees at the International Travelers' Clinic of the National Medical Center were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: The adverse events were evaluated through six telephone interviews of 309 subjects (male: 168, 54.4%) on days 3, 6, 9, 16, 23, and 30 after the administration of the vaccine. There were 106 adverse events in 97 (31.4%) subjects aged 11 months to 70 years (male: 56, 18.1%). Of the 34 (11.0%) subjects who had underlying diseases, 3 (1.0%) reported adverse events (P=0.06). Nineteen (6.1%) of the 72 (23.3%) subjects who concurrently received other vaccines also experienced adverse events (P=0.29). Those who had underlying illnesses and those aged 10 to 19 years reported more frequent adverse events (P=0.06 and 0.14, respectively), but the significance of this finding is uncertain. Most of the adverse events occurred within 10 days after the vaccination and spontaneously subsided. CONCLUSION: This study shows that most of the YF vaccine's adverse events are well tolerated and that the vaccine safely protects a vaccinee from YF.
Aged ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Yellow Fever ; Yellow Fever Vaccine

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever (YF) can be prevented through vaccination, but YF vaccination causes adverse events. The increasing number of travelers to YF-endemic areas prompted an investigation of YF vaccination's adverse events on Koreans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January to December 2007, 318 live-17DD vaccinees at the International Travelers' Clinic of the National Medical Center were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: The adverse events were evaluated through six telephone interviews of 309 subjects (male: 168, 54.4%) on days 3, 6, 9, 16, 23, and 30 after the administration of the vaccine. There were 106 adverse events in 97 (31.4%) subjects aged 11 months to 70 years (male: 56, 18.1%). Of the 34 (11.0%) subjects who had underlying diseases, 3 (1.0%) reported adverse events (P=0.06). Nineteen (6.1%) of the 72 (23.3%) subjects who concurrently received other vaccines also experienced adverse events (P=0.29). Those who had underlying illnesses and those aged 10 to 19 years reported more frequent adverse events (P=0.06 and 0.14, respectively), but the significance of this finding is uncertain. Most of the adverse events occurred within 10 days after the vaccination and spontaneously subsided. CONCLUSION: This study shows that most of the YF vaccine's adverse events are well tolerated and that the vaccine safely protects a vaccinee from YF.
Aged ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Yellow Fever ; Yellow Fever Vaccine

This report describes a case of yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YEL-AVD) that occurred after vaccination in a 23-year-old male. Seven days after vaccination, our patient presented with fever, myalgia, and nausea. The IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for yellow fever virus was positive. After a 24 day hospitalization, he recovered and was discharged. Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic febrile illness caused by a flavivirus and transmitted by mosquitoes. The clinical presentation ranges from a mild febrile illness to a serious infection, leading to hepatic and renal failure, myocardial injury, hemorrhage, and shock, with a case fatality rate of 20-30%. Because yellow fever is a potentially fatal disease, vaccination is encouraged for people traveling to high-risk areas. Although considered a safe vaccine, severe adverse reactions have been reported. In 2001, rare, but severe, acute viscerotropic disease following vaccination was first described. We report the case of a 23-year-old male with fever and hepatitis following vaccination with 17D yellow fever vaccine.
Culicidae ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fever ; Flavivirus ; Hemorrhage ; Hepatitis ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; Male ; Nausea ; Renal Insufficiency ; Shock ; Vaccination ; Yellow Fever ; Yellow Fever Vaccine ; Yellow fever virus ; Young Adult

PURPOSE:Yellow fever, a mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic fever, is one of the most lethal diseases. Recently there have been an increasing number of Korean children who have travelled to yellow fever endemic zones and were administered yellow fever vaccine (YFV). Therefore, we carried out this study to provide child travelers with safety information of YFV. METHODS:This study was conducted at the International Clinic of National Medical Center in Seoul between April 2007 and June 2008 for the evaluation of adverse events of YFV. One hundred twenty- five children received YFV (17-DD) and were prospectively monitored for adverse events through telephone interviews on day 3, 6, 9, 16, 23 and 30 after vaccination. RESULTS:Adverse events were observed in 31 (24.8%) of 125 child travelers who received the YFV. The mean age was 12.5+/-5.0 years. Sixty-six of the child travelers (52.8%) were males. The common adverse events were pain in 11 (8.8%), swelling in 8 (6.4%) and redness in 7 children (5.6%) at the injection site. The systemic adverse events included mild fever in 5 (4.0%), headache in 5 (4.0%), cough in 4 (3.2%), abdominal pain in 3 (2.4 %), and vomiting in 2 children (1.6%). Most of the adverse events were detected within 7 days of administration and there were no differences in adverse events by gender or age. All travelers who had complained of symptoms improved spontaneously or following symptomatic treatment. CONCLUSION:This study showed that YFV is well-tolerated and there were no reports of severe adverse events. Studies are ongoing to clarify the cause and risk factors for rare adverse events.
Abdominal Pain ; Child ; Cough ; Fever ; Headache ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Vaccination ; Vomiting ; Yellow Fever ; Yellow Fever Vaccine

A rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit was developed to detect non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of yellow fever virus (YFV) using monoclonal antibody. NS1 protein was purified from the cultured YFV and used to immunize mice. Monoclonal antibody to NS1 was selected and conjugated with colloidal gold to produce the YFV NS1 RDT kit. The YFV RDTs were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity using positive and negative samples of monkeys from Brazil and negative human blood samples from Korea. Among monoclonal antibodies, clones 3A11 and 3B7 proved most sensitive, and used for YFV RDT kit. Diagnostic accuracy of YFV RDT was fairly high; Sensitivity was 0.0% and specificity was 100% against Dengue viruses type 2 and 3, Zika, Chikungunya and Mayaro viruses. This YFV RDT kit could be employed as a test of choice for point-of-care diagnosis and large scale surveys of YFV infection under clinical or field conditions in endemic areas and on the globe.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Brazil ; Clone Cells ; Dengue Virus ; Diagnosis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Gold Colloid ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Korea ; Mice ; Point-of-Care Systems ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Yellow fever virus ; Yellow Fever

BACKGROUND: Pre-travel medical consultation is essential to reduce health impairment during travel. Yellow fever vaccination (YFV) is mandatory to enter some endemic countries. In this study, we evaluated the factors that affect compliance with appropriate prevention of infectious diseases in travelers who visited clinic for YFV. METHODS: For this retrospective study, chart reviews for 658 patients who visited a travel clinic for YFV before travel were conducted. The period of this study was from January 2016 to September 2018. The associations between appropriate vaccination and factors such as travel duration, destination, time of visiting clinic before departure, and purpose of travel were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 658 patients who got YFV during the study period, 344 patients (52.3%) received additional vaccination or malaria prophylaxis following a physician's recommendation. Travelers who visited the clinic more than 21 days before departure were more compliant than those who visited 14 days or fewer before departure (odds ratio [OR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23–2.93; P = 0.004). Travelers visiting Africa were more compliant than were those traveling to South and Central America (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.34–2.90; P = 0.001). Travelers in age groups of 40-49 years and over 70 years were less compliant than the 18–29 years old population (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.28–0.93; P = 0.027 and OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04–0.84; P = 0.03, respectively). Also, those who traveled for tour or to visit friends or relatives were more compliant than those who departed for business (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 1.03–3.56; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: For appropriate vaccination, pre-travel consultation at least 3 weeks before departure is crucial. Travelers should be aware of required vaccination and malaria prophylaxis before visiting South and Central America and Asia. Plans to enhance compliance of the elderly and business travelers should be contrived.
Africa ; Aged ; Asia ; Central America ; Commerce ; Communicable Diseases ; Compliance ; Friends ; Humans ; Malaria ; Patient Compliance ; Retrospective Studies ; Travel Medicine ; Vaccination ; Yellow Fever ; Yellow Fever Vaccine

Objective To perform quality control in live attenuated yellow fever vaccine(chicken embryo cell)virus seed bank at the genomic level using the new generation Illumina/Solexa sequencing platform.Methods The live attenuated yellow fever vaccine strain YF17D-204 was inoculated into primary chicken embryo cells,and the chicken embryo cell adapted strains of live attenuated yellow fever vaccine were screened to establish YFV17D-CEC tertiary virus seed bank. The genome RNA of virus seeds was extracted,and the RNA library was prepared. The new generation Illumina/Solexa sequencing platform was used for high-throughput RNA sequencing. The whole genome nucleic acid sequence of yellow fever virus was systematically analyzed by using biological softwares such as FastQC,Trimmomatic,SPAdes,GapFiller,PrInSeS-G,Prokka,RepeatMasker,CRT,NCBI Blast~+,KAAS,HMMER3,TMHMM,SignalP,LipoP,ProtCamp and MegAlign.Results The whole genome of YFV17D-CEC tertiary virus seed bank contained 10 862 nucleotides,including an open reading frame(ORF)from 119 to 10 354(10 236 bp),encoding 3 412 amino acids. Sequence alignment analysis showed that the sequence of YF17D-CEC tertiary virus seed bank was 100% identical with YFV17D RKI(JN628279.1),YF/Vaccine/USA/Sanofi-Pasteur-17D-204/UF795AA/YFVax(JX503529.1)and YFV17D-204(KF769015.1),and no mutation occurred in the whole genome of the tertiary virus seed bank. Comparison of the sequences of different live attenuated yellow fever vaccine strains showed that yellow fever virus had multiple polymorphic sites.Conclusion YFV17DCEC has good genetic stability in primary chicken embryo cells. High-throughput RNA sequencing technology can quickly detect the whole genome information of YF17D-CEC virus seed bank,and the sequence analysis data can be used in the gene level quality control of yellow fever vaccine virus seed banks.
High-throughput RNA sequencing ; Live attenuated yellow fever vaccine ; Gene expression ; Virus seed bank ; Quality control

Yellow fever is the original viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), a pansystemic viral sepsis with viremia, fever, prostration, hepatic, renal, and myocardial injury, hemorrhage, shock, and high lethality. Yellow fever was one of the most feared lethal diseases before the development of an effective vaccine. Yellow fever (YF) can be prevented by an attenuated vaccine. The yellow-fever 17D vaccine developed in the 1930s has been regarded as one of the most successful live attenuated vaccines, with few side effects or adverse events. The adverse effects associated with yellow-fever vaccine are generally mild and include headache, myalgia, and low-grade fever. Recently, however, some cases of severe neurologic disease and multi-organ system disease have been described in individuals who received yellow-fever vaccine. We report the case of a 39-year-old female with meningitis following vaccination with 17D yellow-fever vaccine.
Adult ; Female ; Fever ; Headache ; Hemorrhage ; Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral ; Humans ; Meningitis ; Sepsis ; Shock ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; Viremia ; Yellow Fever