Polyploidization is a process by which cells are induced to possess more than two sets of chromosomes. Although polyploidization is not frequent in mammals, it is closely associated with development and differentiation of specific tissues and organs. The liver is one of the mammalian organs that displays ploidy dynamics in physiological homeostasis during its development. The ratio of polyploid hepatocytes increases significantly in response to hepatic injury from aging, viral infection, iron overload, surgical resection, or metabolic overload, such as that from non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). One of the unique features of NAFLD is the marked heterogeneity of hepatocyte nuclear size, which is strongly associated with an adverse liver-related outcome, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, and liver-related death. Thus, hepatic polyploidization has been suggested as a potential driver in the progression of NAFLDs that are involved in the control of the multiple pathogenicity of the diseases. However, the importance of polyploidy in diverse pathophysiological contexts remains elusive. Recently, several studies reported successful improvement of symptoms of NAFLDs by reducing pathological polyploidy or by controlling cell cycle progression in animal models, suggesting that better understanding the mechanisms of pathological hepatic polyploidy may provide insights into the treatment of hepatic disorders.

Hospitals need to find a safe and rapid method for respiratory specimen collection as the number of patients suspicious for coronavirus disease -2019 (COVID-19) rapidly grows. Applied with significant infection control and prevention measures, a respiratory specimen collection booth was newly designed. The new respiratory specimen collection booth not only increased COVID-19 testing cases but also decreased personal protective equipment consumption.

In mating of Lentinula edodes, dikaryotic strains generated from certain monokaryotic strains such as the B2 used in this study tend to show better quality of fruiting bodies regardless of the mated monokaryotic strains. Unlike B2, dikaryotic strains generated from B16 generally show low yields, with deformed or underdeveloped fruiting bodies. This indicates that the two nuclei in the cytoplasm do not contribute equally to the physiology of dikaryotic L. edodes, suggesting an expression bias in the allelic genes of the two nuclei. To understand the role of each nucleus in dikaryotic strains, we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in laccase genes of monokaryotic strains to reveal nuclear origin of the expressed mRNAs in dikaryotic strain. We performed reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis using total RNAs extracted from dikaryotic strains (A5B2, A18B2, and A2B16) as well as from compatible monokaryotic strains (A5, A18, and B2 for A5B2 and A18B2; A2 and B16 for A2B16). RT-PCR results revealed that Lcc1, Lcc2, Lcc4, Lcc7, and Lcc10 were the mainly expressed laccase genes in the L. edodes genome. To determine the nuclear origin of these laccase genes, the genomic DNA sequences in monokaryotic strains were analyzed, thereby revealing five SNPs in Lcc4 and two in Lcc7. Subsequent sequence analysis of laccase mRNAs expressed in dikaryotic strains revealed that these were almost exclusively expressed from B2-originated nuclei in A5B2 and A18B2 whereas B16 nucleus did not contribute to laccase expression in A2B16 strain. This suggests that B2 nucleus dominates the expression of allelic genes, thereby governing the physiology of dikaryons.
Base Sequence ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Cytoplasm ; Fruit ; Genome ; Laccase* ; Lentinula* ; Physiology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger ; Sequence Analysis ; Shiitake Mushrooms*

PURPOSE: In general, it is possible to generate better leaf sequencing from the ideal fluence map or dose distribution close to the optimized results of the radiation treatment planning (RTP) system, from the filed smaller segment size in Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Conversely, an intra-treatment organ motion issue, which prevents the smallest segment size from being chosen, always exists. Furthermore, the question has been raised regarding the proper target margin for IMRT cases with a moving target, as the field itself moves while the target moves, unlike traditional static fields. In this study, the effects of intra-treatment target motion on the segment size have been examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Various sizes of rectangular patterns were designed for an IMRT fluence map. A leaf sequence was generated using the step and shoot beam delivery method. The intensity ratios between adjacent segments were 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8. The range of target motion was assumed to be +/-0.3~2.0 cm, in a sinusoidal shape. The dynamic leaf motion that reflected the target motion was calculated to simulate the motion. Film dosimetry was performed to analyze the motion effects. RESULTS: The intensity ratios of the adjacent segments were degraded in all cases. The dose distribution with segment sizes less than half the breathing amplitude showed a significantly degraded intensity map. With a beam irradiation time for a segment greater than two breathing cycles, the dose distribution around the target margin showed a similar tendency as the static fields. CONCLUSION: The minimum size of IMRT segments in the fluence map should be chosen taking the intra-treatment organ motion into consideration. The dose distribution with segment sizes less than half the breathing amplitude was degraded significantly in the intensity map. With a beam irradiation time for a segment greater than two breathing cycles, the target margin can be defined as the same as for a conventional static field
Film Dosimetry ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung* ; Respiration