Parkinson's disease patients are often combined with postural deformities , including antecollis, camptocormia, pisa syndrome, scoliosis and striatal deformities in addition to the most common stooped simian appearance.These postural deformities , which have serious effects on the patient's quality of life, generally appear in the later period of Parkinson's disease, and fortunately are usually reversible. Therefore, early identification together with intervention are necessary.The advances in the definition , clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and treatment of postural deformities in Parkinson's disease are reviewed in this article.

Background: and Purpose: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is the most-common form of autoimmune encephalitis, but its early diagnosis is challenging.This study aimed to identify the risk factors for a poor prognosis in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and construct a prognostic composite score for obtaining earlier predictions of a poor prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data, laboratory indexes, imaging findings, and electroencephalogram (EEG) data of 60 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores of patients were collected when they were discharged from the hospital. The mRS scores were used to divide the patients into two groups, with mRS scores of 3–6 defined as a poor prognosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze independent risk factors related to a poor prognosis. Results: This study found that 23 (38.3%) and 37 (61.7%) patients had good and poor prognoses, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, disturbance of consciousness at admission, and ≥50% slow waves on the EEG were significantly associated with patient outcomes. An age, consciousness, and slow waves (ACS) composite score was constructed to predict the prognosis of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis at an early stage based on regression coefficients. Conclusions Age, disturbance of consciousness at admission, and ≥50% slow waves on the EEG were independent risk factors for a poor prognosis. The ACS prognostic composite score could play a role in facilitating early predictions of the prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often manifest with multiple sensory dysfunctions,such as pain,visual dysfunction,olfactory disturbance,and vestibular dysfunction.Pain,which is the most distressing sensory symptom,has a severe negative impact on patients' quality of life which could sometimes surpass the impact brought by motor symptoms.Thus,raising attention to pain symptom and early intervention can improve life quality and long-term prognosis of PD.This article will review the current literatures in different clinical types,pathogenesis,evaluation methods and therapeutics of pain in PD.