Singapore progressed to DORSCON Orange on 7 February 2020 when a local case with no history of travel out of Singapore was confirmed COVID-19 positive. With the impending lockdown, decision was made to move all postgraduate programs online. The objectives of this paper are to document early experiences and lessons learnt in the conversion of face-to-face to online teaching; and to conduct a literature search for tips on effective online teaching.

No abstract available.
Asphyxia* ; Phenobarbital* ; Seizures*

We report a case of pityriasis rotunda occurring in a patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The patient was a 64-year old female who had a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The skin lesions were asymptomatic, multiple, various sized (1 to 15cm in diameter), isolated or confluent and finely scaly light brownish to grayish colored patches on the lower abdomen, back and thigh. Histopathologic findings shawed mild hyperkeratosis, atrophy, loss of granular layer, increased melanin pigments in basal layer of the epidermis and mild perivascular monocytic infiltration in the upper dermis.
Abdomen ; Adenocarcinoma* ; Atrophy ; Dermis ; Epidermis ; Female ; Humans ; Melanins ; Middle Aged ; Pancreas* ; Pityriasis* ; Skin ; Thigh

We studied 283 patients with herpes zoster who visited to the Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital between January, 1982 and December, 1985 about the distribution of age, sex, seasonal incidence, associated diseases, camplications and the effect of systemic prednisolone on post herpetic neuralgia. And we also examined the functional states of involved sensory nerve endings by observing the axon flare response to histamine test. The results were as follows . 1. There was no significant differences in sexual and seasonal distributions. 2. There were low incidences of herpes zoster in age groups of below 20 years and over 70 years than age groups of 20 69 years. 3. Sites of involvement were thoracic(170 cases), cervical(38 cases), trigeminal(35 cases), lumbar(28 cases), sacral(11 cases) and facial(1 case) dermatomes. 4. Associated diseases were diabetes mellitus(7 cases), hypertension(7 cases). pulmonary tuberculosis(6 cases), malignant neoplasms(3 cases) and renal transplantation (1 case). 5. Complications were post herpetic neuralgia(18 cases), keratoconjunctivitis(9 cases), meningoencephalitis(1 case), Ramsay Hunt syndrome(1 case), urinary difficulty(1 case) and generalized varicelliform eruption(1 case). 6. The incidence of post-herpetic neuralgia was reduced by systemic prednisolone therapy in patients over 60 years. 7. There was no decrease of axon flare by histamine test on the affected area in 18 patients with herpes zoster.
Axons ; Heart ; Herpes Zoster* ; Histamine* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney Transplantation ; Neuralgia ; Prednisolone ; Seasons ; Sensory Receptor Cells

PURPOSE: There is increasing awareness of the clinical importance of early detection and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament(PCL) injury. We evaluate the usefulness of Magnetic resonance(MR) imaging in the diagnosis of PCL injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the MR images of 140 cases with clinically suspected knee injury. Arthroscopic or surgical correlation was available in 63 cases. We observed the finding and extent of PCL injury and other associated abnormalities. The frequency of anterior and posterior meniscofemoral ligament was evaluated. RESULTS: Eleven PCL injuries were observed, six midsubstance tears, two tibial attachment tears, two fernoral attachment tear, one laxity. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MR imaging diagnosis are 100%, 98.1%, 98.4%. MR findings of PCL injury are discontinuity and focal mass formation, irregular increased signal intensity, detachment or redundancy of the ligament with avulsed bony fragment. In all cases of injured PCL, other associated abnormalities of adjacent structures were observed. Accessory anterior and posterior meniscofemoral ligaments were observed in 67.4%(87/129). CONCLUSION: MR imaging is useful in evaluation of presence or absence of PCL injury, accurate extent of PCL injury and other important associated abnormalities of adjacent structures.
Diagnosis ; Knee Injuries ; Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Posterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Pulmonary Artery*

We reoport a case of multiple basal cell carcinoma in a 51-year-old male who have taken a herb medication for right hemiplegia during 30 years. The patient had a 15-year history of the black colored, ulcerated nodules on left forehead and erythematous, protruded masses on back. Also, he had a 6-year history of black colored, ulcerated nodules on right temporal area of scalp and brownish, flat plaques on anterior chest, Biopsy specimens from lesions revealed typical histopathologic findings of the basal cell carcinoma. Wide excision with graft was done. One year later, he was expired due to lung carcinoma.
Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Basal Cell* ; Forehead ; Hemiplegia ; Humans ; Lung ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Scalp ; Thorax ; Transplants ; Ulcer

We studied sputum eosinophil count of patients with chronic cough. Differential count of sputum cells(simple direct smear with Wright stain) were successfully examined in 44(73%) among 60 patients with chronic cough. The patients were divided according to PC2O value; 20(45%) patients had increased airway hyper responsiveness(AHR) (PC2O < 24mg/ml), remained 24 Patients did not have any evidence of airway AHR. Age, sex, duration and severity of symptoms, serum total IgE and positive skin test reaction were not different between two groups. In patients with increased AHR, increased sputum eosinophil ratio(10%) was found in 11 patients (55%) and increased peripheral blood eosinophil ratio(>5%) was found in 66% of patients with increased AHR. In patients without increased AHR, increased sputum eosinophil ratio was found in three patients(12%) and increased peripheral blood eosinophil ratio was found in 24%. This discrepancy between two groups was statisticalla significant(p<0.01). In regarding to sputum eosinophilia, increased sputum eosinophil ratio was in 14(32%) of 44 patients with chronic cough. Eleven patients(78%) of them had increased AHR. Only nine(30%) among 30 patients without sputum eosinophilia had increased AHR. These discrepancies between two groups were statistically significant(p<0.01). To predict AHR, sputum eosinophilia has 55% of sensitivity and 88% of specificity. Significant positive correlation between peripheral blood eosinophil ratio and sputum eosinophil ratio was found in patients with cough-variant asthma (r=0.76, p<0.01), We suggest that simple direct smear for sputum eosinophil count could be an useful test to diagnose the patients with chronic cough.
Asthma ; Cough* ; Eosinophilia ; Eosinophils* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Skin Tests ; Sputum*

Adenocarcinoma metastatic to the skin usually originates in the lung, breast, large intestine or ovary. Cutaneous metastatic tumors from rectum or colon tend to appear in the abdominal or perineal area, but rarely appear in the perianal and genital skin. A 53-year-old female presented multiple nodules in and near the surgical scars of inguinal, pubie, vulvar, perianal areas and normal skin of left thigh two months after surgical removal of rectal adenocarcinoma. Biopsy specimens from the nodules of the perianal area and left thigh showed adenocarcinoma of well differentiated atruetures like the primary rectal carcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Biopsy ; Breast ; Cicatrix ; Colon ; Female ; Humans ; Intestine, Large ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Ovary ; Rectum ; Skin ; Thigh