Furbenicillin is a broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin with strong antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Furbenicillin sodium is determined by volumetric method in current criteria. However, the criteria does not contain an assay of related substances of furbenicillin sodium. In this study, we established a method for detection and analysis of furbenicillin sodium and its related substances by HPLC. The analysis was performed with a C18 column under a gradient elution, the detection wavelength was 225 nm, and the column temperature was 35 degrees C. The reliability and accuracy of established method was validated in this study. Pure samples of furbenicillin sodium and its related substances were prepared. The structures, biological activities, and chromatographic retention behaviors of furbenicillin sodium and its related substances were identified using NMR, CLSI agar dilution method, and HPLC. All results in the current study provide ample evidence that this method is able to determine the reasonable limits in the quality-control protocol for furbenicillin sodium.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Penicillins ; Quality Control ; Reproducibility of Results

Objective To investigate the multiple risk factors for lower extremity lymphedema in patients following treatment of common gynecologic cancers by meta-analysis for systematic analysis and comprehensive quantitative study.Methods Clinical trials published up until August 2016 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library.The quality of the included studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and data analysis was performed using Stata 14.0 and RevMan 5.3.The strength of the associations between risk factors and gynecologic cancer-related lower extremity lymphedema was described as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Results Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, and 8 relevant factors were identified.The risk factors for lower extremity lymphedema after treatment of gynecologic cancer mainly included radiotherapy (OR=2.45, 95%CI:2.05-2.95, P=0.000), FIGO stage (OR=2.29, 95%CI:1.66-3.14, P=0.000), and pelvic lymph node dissection (OR=2.00, 95%CI:1.02-3.91, P=0.040).Conclusions Radiotherapy, FIGO stage, and pelvic lymph node dissection are the main risk factors for lower extremity lymphedema after treatment of gynecologic cancers.

Advance on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Stellera plants have been conducted. The chemical constituents include terpenes, coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, volatile oils, and other compounds. Pharmacological studies showed that diterpenoids and biflavones showed strong activities, such as antitumor, anti-HIV, and immune regulations. This review hopes to provide a scientific basis for further research and explorations of the medicinal values of the genus.
Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Thymelaeaceae ; chemistry ; classification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of hydrogen sulfide preconditioning on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats.

METHODSSprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups with 10 in each group: in S group rats received sham operation; in IR group rats were given with NS (1.0 ml/kg iv) 24 h before ischemia; in H group rats were treated with NaHS (0.05 mg/kg iv) 24 h before ischemia; and in D group, NaHS-treated rats received 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) 15 min before ischemia. Rats in IR group,H group and D group were subjected to ischemia by occlusion of coronary artery for 30 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion,myocardial infarct size was measured. SAM-s was measured by Western blotting. Plasma SOD activity and MDA were determined at the end of reperfusion.

RESULTSThe infarct size was significantly lesser in H group (25.40 % ± 3.54%) than that in IR group (38.27% ±5.64%,P<0.05). The SAM-s protein expression in myocardium was significantly lower in H group than that in IR group. The plasma MDA content was significantly lower and SOD activity was higher in H group than those in IR group,but there was no difference between IR group and D group.

CONCLUSIONThe hydrogen sulfide preconditioning attenuates myocardial IR injury possibly through down-regulating SAM-s expression,reducing the production of oxygen free radicals and enhancing anti-oxidize effect in rats.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; pharmacology ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; Male ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To investigate the influence of CT-guided thermochemotherapy for pig's healthy pancreas and in turn to discuss the feasibility and efficacy on pancreatic tumors.Methods 9 healthy pigs were undergone CT-guided 80℃themochemotherapy with 18 G fine meedle injecting individually of 5-Fu 750mg(10 ml)into the pancreatic tail within 2min.CT,MRI and serum analyses test were carried out as the follow up study at 1h,3rd,7th and 14th day after the procedure;since the 3rd day,3 pigs were sacrificed right after every follow up and together with comparative study between diagnostic imagings and pathologic changes. Results The pig pancreatic tail necrotic lesions appeared to be most conspicuous at the 3rd day after thermochemotherapy and shrank gradually from 7th day to 14th day.Serum amylase level reached the highest at 3rd day after the treatment and lowered down at 7th day;and near approximately normal at 14th day.The outcomings of diagnostic imagings and macroscopic pathology were in accordance.Obvious pancreatitis occurred only in one pig and all others were nearly uneventful without serious complications of pancreatitis,intestinal adhesion and mortaligy.Conclusion CT-guided themochemotherapy can induce pancreatic,focal necrosis in healthy pig but with no serious complications;and these can further more establish the foundation for clinical practiee.(J Intervent Radiol,2007,16:844-846)

Objective To investigate the effect of hypertonic saline on cerebral water content, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level and neuronal apoptosis following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats and explore the mechanisms involved. Methods Ninety-six rats were randomized equally into 4 groups, namely the shame-operated group, untreated IR injury group, and 4.2% and 7.5% hypertonic saline groups (HS-A and HS-B groups, respectively). In the latter 3 groups, cerebral ischcmia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h followed by administration of the corresponding treatments. Serum sodium concentration was measured at 5 min before and at 30, 60 and 90 min after the reperfilsion. At 22 h of rcperfusion, the rats were sacrificed after neurological deficit evaluation, and brain edema was assessed by measuring the wet-to-dry weight ratio of the brain tissue. TNF-α expression in the ischemic brain tissue was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the neuronal apoptosis was analyzed using TUNEL assay. Results In the saline-treated rats, serum sodium level increased significantly after saline administration, lasting for 60 min before recovering the normal levels in HS-A group and for over 90 min in HS-B group. Compared with that in the sham-operated group, the brain water content in rats of the IR group increased in both of the hemispheres, but more obviously in the ischemic hemisphere. In the two saline-treated groups, the water content decreased significantly in the bilateral hemispheres, which was especially obvious in the ischemic hemisphere;administration of 7.5% saline resulted in greater water content reduction in the ischemic hemisphere than 4.2% saline. Compared with the IR group, the two saline-treated groups showed significant reduction in TNF-α levels and apoptotic cells in the brain along with decreased neurological deficits. Conclusion Hypertonic saline can ameliorate cerebral focal IR injury by decreasing the cerebral water content, TNF-α level and neuronal apoptosis following the injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of fentanyl on cytokines and MDA in valve replacement surgery during cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB). METHODS: Thirty ASA II approximately III adult patients scheduled for cardial valve replacement were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group A (fentanyl 30 microg/ kg), Group B (fentanyl 60 microg/kg), and Group C (fentanyl 100 microg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with medazalam 0.1 mg/kg, fentanyl 10 microg/kg and vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg Administered intravenously. After tracheal intubation the patients were mechanically ventilated with pure oxygen. P(ET)CO2 was maintained between 35 approximately 45 mmHg. Anesthesia were maintained with fentanyl infusion combined with intermittent intravenous bolus of midazolam and vecuronium. MAP, CVP, HR, P(ET)CO2, SPO2, nasal and rectal temperature were monitored continuously. Remained dose of fentanyl was infused before the CPB. Blood Samples were taken before the operation (T1 ), before the CPB ( T2 ), 30 min after aortic declamping (T3 ) , 2 h after aortic declamping (T4 ), and 24 h (T5 ) after the operation for determination of plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interteukin IL-6 and IL-10, MDA. RESULTS: There was no significant change in the age, body weight, aortic cross-clomp time, CPB time, and operation time. Levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and MDA after the CPB in the 3 groups were significantly higher compared with T, (P <0.01 ), TNF-alpha, IL-6 and MDA levels at T3, T4 were significantly lower in Group B and C than those in Group A. IL-10 levels at T4, T5 were significantly higher in Group B and C than those in Group A, but levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and MDA in Group B were not significantly different compared with those in Group C. The duration of stay in the ICU and time of endotracheal extubation were significantly longer in patients of Group C than those of Group A and B. CONCLUSION CPB leads to a proinflammatory and antiinflammatory response, as well as oxygen free radicals release. Larger dose fentanyl seemed to be effective in reducing CPB-induced inflammatory response and ischemic reperfusion injury, but the effect was not dependent on dose while fentanyl dose reaching some value, at the same time the duration of stay in ICU and time of endotracheal extubation is longer.
Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Fentanyl ; pharmacology ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; Humans ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Malondialdehyde ; blood ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism ; Vecuronium Bromide

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of treatment with total hepatic vascular exclusion and reperfusion on the intestinal barrier in rats. METHODS: The total hepatic vascular exclusion and reperfusion model was built after the block of hepatic portal, suprahepatic and infraheptic vena cava for 20 minutes. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into 2 groups: sham operation group (Group A, n=30) and total hepatic vascular exclusion and reperfusion treatment group (Group B, n=30). Each group was subdivided randomly into 3 subgroups (n=10) according to different experiment time points as follows: at the end of the total hepatic vascular exclusion (T0), 4 reperfusion after total hepatic vascular exclusion (T1) and the 48 h survival. Portal vein blood gas was analysed at T0. At T0 and T1 the following items were detected: the level of portal vein blood D-lactate, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), the MDA concentration and pathologic morphology change of intestinal mucosa. RESULTS: Compared with Group A, the PCO2 at T0 in Group B increased while pH, P02, and HCO3- decreased significantly (P < 0.05). The level of portal blood D-lactate, TNF-alpha and intestinal mucosa MDA at T0 and T1 was significantly higher (P < 0.05, or P < 0.01). The histologic damage in the intestinal mucosa was observed in Group B, and the rat survival in Group B was lower than that in Group A (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The treatment with total hepatic vascular exclusion and reperfusion can damage the intestinal barrier in rats.
Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; Female ; Intestinal Mucosa ; microbiology ; pathology ; Ischemia ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Liver ; blood supply ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; pathology ; physiopathology

OBJECTIVE: To explore the inhibitory effect of spinal topical morphine on the dorsal horn projection neurons in nerve-injured rats and its mechanism. METHODS: Single-unit activity of dorsal horn projection neurons was recorded in anesthetized L(5)/L(6) nerve-ligated rats. Allodynia was determined by a behavior test in nerve-injured rats. The evoked neuronal responses to mechanical stimuli applied to the receptive field were determined before and after the spinal topical application of morphine, bicuculline plus morphine, strychnine plus morphine, and both bicuculline and strychnine plus morphine in normal, sham operation, and nerve-injured rats. RESULTS: Spinal topical application of 10 micromol/L morphine significantly inhibited the evoked responses of dorsal horn projection neurons in normal, sham, operation and nerve-injured rats. However, the inhibitory effect of morphine was significantly reduced in nerve-injured rats compared with that in normal and sham operation rats. Furthermore, the topical application of 20 micromol/L bicuculline had little effect on the inhibitory effect of morphine in nerve-injured rats but it almost abolished the effect of morphine in normal and sham operation rats. The glycine receptor antagonist strychnine at 4 micromol/L significantly decreased the effect of morphine in nerve-injured, normal, and sham operation rats. CONCLUSION The loss of tonic GABAergic inhibition contributes to the reduced inhibitory effect of morphine on dorsal horn projection neurons in nerve-injured rats.
Analgesics, Opioid ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Bicuculline ; pharmacology ; Electrophysiology ; Hyperesthesia ; Male ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Pain ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Posterior Horn Cells ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spinal Nerves ; injuries

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of chloroquine on the apoptosis of intestinal mucosa epithelial cell and enterogenous bacteria-endotoxin translocation after total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats. METHODS: The rat total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion model was built by blocking the hepatic portal, suprahepatic and infrahepatic vena cava for 20 minutes. Ninety Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly into the sham operation group (Group A, n = 30), total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion treatment group (Group B, n = 30), and chloroquine administrated group (Group C, n = 30). Each group was subdivided randomly into 3 subgroups (n = 10) according to different experiment time phases as follows: after 20 minutes of total hepatic vascular exclusion (T0), 4 hours after reperfusion (T1), and the 48 hours of survival. Group A and Group B were intravenously injected with normal saline 1 mL/kg while Group C received chloroquine 10 mg/kg which dissolved in 1 mL/kg normal saline intravenously. The levels of portal blood D-lactate, TNF-alpha, endotoxin, and the intestinal mucosa MDA concentration were measured at T0 and T1; the portal blood, mesenteric lymph node, and spleen tissues were cultured for bacteria; and the apoptotic index of intestinal mucosa epithelial cells at T0 and T1 and the survival rate after 48 hour reperfusion were obtained. RESULTS: Compared with Group A, the levels of portal blood D-lactate, TNF-alpha, endotoxin and the intestinal mucosa MDA in Group B and Group C were significantly higher (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). These indexes of Group C were lower than those of Group B (P < 0.05). The portal vein blood, mesenteric lymph node and spleen tissues existed the bacterium translocation both in Group B and Group C, and the positive rate in Group C was lower than that in Group B (P < 0.05). Apoptotic index of the intestinal mucosa epithelial cell increased significantly in Group B (P < 0.01) and Group C (P < 0.05), but the apoptotic index in Group C was lower than that in Group B (P < 0.05); the 48 hour survival rate of the rats in Group C was higher than that in group B (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Chloroquine may decrease the intestinal mucosa epithelial cell apoptosis and the enterogenous bacteria-endotoxin translocation after total hepatic ischemia-reperfusion and increase the survival rate of the rats.
Animals ; Bacterial Translocation ; drug effects ; Chloroquine ; pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells ; pathology ; Escherichia coli ; physiology ; Female ; Intestinal Mucosa ; pathology ; Intestine, Small ; microbiology ; pathology ; Liver ; blood supply ; Male ; Phospholipases A ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; microbiology ; pathology