Diabetic foot ulcers are among the most severe complications in diabetes patients, often leading to life-threatening consequences if not treated appropriately. This study reviews the key treatment approaches outlined in the 2023 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) guidelines, focusing on wound debridement, dressing selection, and adjunctive therapies such as negative pressure wound therapy, leucocyte/platelet/fibrin patch, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The guidelines emphasize a multidisciplinary approach to accelerate wound healing and reduce recurrence and amputation rates. The findings suggest that integrating these advanced techniques with consistent patient monitoring and self-care education can improve clinical outcomes and prevent ulcer recurrence. This study concludes that further advancements in treatment and monitoring strategies will continue to enhance diabetic foot care, benefitting patient quality of life.

Diabetic foot ulcers are among the most severe complications in diabetes patients, often leading to life-threatening consequences if not treated appropriately. This study reviews the key treatment approaches outlined in the 2023 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) guidelines, focusing on wound debridement, dressing selection, and adjunctive therapies such as negative pressure wound therapy, leucocyte/platelet/fibrin patch, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The guidelines emphasize a multidisciplinary approach to accelerate wound healing and reduce recurrence and amputation rates. The findings suggest that integrating these advanced techniques with consistent patient monitoring and self-care education can improve clinical outcomes and prevent ulcer recurrence. This study concludes that further advancements in treatment and monitoring strategies will continue to enhance diabetic foot care, benefitting patient quality of life.

Diabetic foot ulcers are among the most severe complications in diabetes patients, often leading to life-threatening consequences if not treated appropriately. This study reviews the key treatment approaches outlined in the 2023 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) guidelines, focusing on wound debridement, dressing selection, and adjunctive therapies such as negative pressure wound therapy, leucocyte/platelet/fibrin patch, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The guidelines emphasize a multidisciplinary approach to accelerate wound healing and reduce recurrence and amputation rates. The findings suggest that integrating these advanced techniques with consistent patient monitoring and self-care education can improve clinical outcomes and prevent ulcer recurrence. This study concludes that further advancements in treatment and monitoring strategies will continue to enhance diabetic foot care, benefitting patient quality of life.

Diabetic foot ulcers are among the most severe complications in diabetes patients, often leading to life-threatening consequences if not treated appropriately. This study reviews the key treatment approaches outlined in the 2023 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) guidelines, focusing on wound debridement, dressing selection, and adjunctive therapies such as negative pressure wound therapy, leucocyte/platelet/fibrin patch, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The guidelines emphasize a multidisciplinary approach to accelerate wound healing and reduce recurrence and amputation rates. The findings suggest that integrating these advanced techniques with consistent patient monitoring and self-care education can improve clinical outcomes and prevent ulcer recurrence. This study concludes that further advancements in treatment and monitoring strategies will continue to enhance diabetic foot care, benefitting patient quality of life.

Diabetic foot ulcers are among the most severe complications in diabetes patients, often leading to life-threatening consequences if not treated appropriately. This study reviews the key treatment approaches outlined in the 2023 International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) guidelines, focusing on wound debridement, dressing selection, and adjunctive therapies such as negative pressure wound therapy, leucocyte/platelet/fibrin patch, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The guidelines emphasize a multidisciplinary approach to accelerate wound healing and reduce recurrence and amputation rates. The findings suggest that integrating these advanced techniques with consistent patient monitoring and self-care education can improve clinical outcomes and prevent ulcer recurrence. This study concludes that further advancements in treatment and monitoring strategies will continue to enhance diabetic foot care, benefitting patient quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of midsagittal reference (MSR) planes constructed in maxillofacial 3D images. METHODS: Maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) images were obtained in 36 normal occlusion individuals who did not have apparent facial asymmetry, and 3D images were reconstructed using a computer software. Six MSR planes (Cg-ANS-Ba, Cg-ANS-Op, Cg-PNS-Ba, Cg- PNS-Op, FH perpendicular (Cg, Ba), FH perpendicular (Cg, Op)) were constructed using the landmarks located in the midsagittal area of the maxillofacial structure, such as Cg, ANS, PNS, Ba and Op, and FH plane constructed with Po and Or. The six pairs of landmarks (Z, Fr, Fs, Zy, Mx, Ms), which represent right and left symmetry in the maxillofacial structure, were selected. Statistically significant differences of the right and the left measurements were examined through t-test, and the difference of the right and the left measurement was compared among the six MSR planes. RESULTS: The distances from the right and the left landmarks in each pair to each MSR plane did not show a statistically significant difference. The reproducibility of the landmark identification was excellent. CONCLUSION: All the six planes constructed in this study can be used as a MSR plane in maxillofacial 3D analysis, particularly, the planes including Cg and ANS.
Facial Asymmetry

Purpose: This study examined the subjective frame of patient satisfaction in the comprehensive nursing care services and explored future directions by investigating subjective frame types. Methods: P-Samples were collected from 30 patients who underwent the comprehensive nursing care service. To enable a forced normal distribution, 31 Q-samples were classified on a 9-point scale considering the degree of agreement. The collected data were analyzed by principal component factor analysis and varimax rotation using the PQ method program. Results: The subjective frame of patient satisfaction with the comprehensive nursing care service was divided into four types. Considering the characteristics of each, the types were labeled as “the formation of relationships with the surroundings”, “autonomous decision-making”, “non-verbal empathy”, and “therapeutic support resources”. Each type can be classified into therapeutic relationship and therapeutic process categories. Conclusion This study revealed changes in expectations regarding new medical services and that the subjective frames that affect the formation of satisfaction are diverse. The study results are expected to be used as basic data to develop strategies for creating a therapeutic environment that improves patient satisfaction in the comprehensive nursing care service.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale Short Form (K AES-10) for people with dementia. Methods: Participants in this study were 198 patients with dementia resident in two hospitals in the Republic of Korea. The AES-10 was translated into Korean through the translation and adaptation of instruments process developed by the World Health Organization. This process was carried out by three bilingual nursing professionals. Validity and reliability, such as construct validity, convergent validity, Cronbach's ⍺, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability, were evaluated. IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 and AMOS 26.0 programs were used for the data analysis. Results: A uni-dimensional model was proposed in the explanatory factor analysis; a single factor accounted for 68.0% of total variances. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of the Korean version of the AES-10. The scale had a Cronbach's ⍺ of .95, inter-rater reliability of .66 (p<.001), and a test-retest reliability of .81 (p<.001). Conclusion The findings show that the Korean version of the AES-10 is both valid and reliable for measuring apathy among people diagnosed with dementia in the Republic of Korea.

Given the indolent nature and favorable outcomes of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), active surveillance (AS) has been adopted as an alternative management option to immediate surgery. However, the meticulous selection of patients based on individual and tumor-specific characteristics, as well as ultrasound (US) findings, is crucial in AS. Regular US monitoring is performed during AS to detect indicators of tumor progression, such as growth, the emergence of new US features suggestive of gross extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis. Thus, imaging-based evaluations play a pivotal role in guiding the decision to continue AS or proceed with surgical intervention. This review introduces the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) guideline for the standardized US imaging of patients with low-risk PTMC under AS, which provide practical recommendations for tumor assessment during the initiation and follow-up phases of AS. This review compared the key features of the KSThR guideline with those of major international guidelines and identified the similarities and differences in imaging methodologies and follow-up strategies. The primary objective of this review is to support the broader implementation of AS and improve outcomes for patients with low-risk PTMC by emphasizing imaging protocols.

Given the indolent nature and favorable outcomes of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), active surveillance (AS) has been adopted as an alternative management option to immediate surgery. However, the meticulous selection of patients based on individual and tumor-specific characteristics, as well as ultrasound (US) findings, is crucial in AS. Regular US monitoring is performed during AS to detect indicators of tumor progression, such as growth, the emergence of new US features suggestive of gross extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis. Thus, imaging-based evaluations play a pivotal role in guiding the decision to continue AS or proceed with surgical intervention. This review introduces the Korean Society of Thyroid Radiology (KSThR) guideline for the standardized US imaging of patients with low-risk PTMC under AS, which provide practical recommendations for tumor assessment during the initiation and follow-up phases of AS. This review compared the key features of the KSThR guideline with those of major international guidelines and identified the similarities and differences in imaging methodologies and follow-up strategies. The primary objective of this review is to support the broader implementation of AS and improve outcomes for patients with low-risk PTMC by emphasizing imaging protocols.