Complete testicular feminization syndrome (androgen insensitivity syndrome) is the most common form of male pseudohermaphroditism, transmitted by means of maternal X-linked recessive gene. This syndrome is marked by unique combination; Normal female phenotype, normal male karyotype, 46,XY, normal or slightly elevated male blood testosterone levels and a high LH. Clinically, the diagnosis should be considered in a female with inguinal hernias, a patient with primary amenorrhea and absent uterus. we present a case testicular feminization syndrome with blindly ended vagina and inguinal masses with a brief review of literatures.
46, XY Disorders of Sex Development ; Amenorrhea ; Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; Hernia, Inguinal* ; Humans ; Karyotype ; Male ; Phenotype ; Testosterone ; Uterus ; Vagina

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study OBJECTIVE: To analyze the treatment results of vertebroplasty in patients who suffered osteoporotic compression fractures during conservative treatments for pre-existing degenerative lumbar disease. SUMMARY AND LITERATURE REVIEW: Whilst spinal fusion has shown satisfactory clinical results, solid fusion has been reported to accelerate the degenerative changes at the unfused adjacent levels. Therefore, the level of spinal fusion in patients with compression fractures and pre-existing degenerative lumbar disease is controversial. Few studies have evaluated the outcomes of spinal fusion and adjacent segment vertebroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was carried out on 28 patients who suffered the osteoporotic compression fractures during conservative treatment for pre-existing degenerative lumbar disease. Posterolateral fusion and vertebroplasty were performed for degenerative disease and compression fractures. The average fusion level was 1.82. The mean compressed vertebral bodies were 1.68. The radiology results were evaluated to determine the progression of the compression rate and fractures in the adjacent segment. The clinical results were evaluated using the Denis pain scale for compression fractures and Katz satisfaction scale for degenerative lumbar disease. RESULTS: The average compression rate was 30.2% preoperatively, 21.4% postoperatively, and 24.6% at the final follow-up. There was no fracture in the adjacent segment. Clinically, the preoperative Denis score was P3 and P4 in 8 and 20 patients, respectively. On the other hand, the postoperative Denis score was P1, P2 and P3 in 8, 19 and 1 patients, respectively. In regard to degenerative diseases, the overall satisfaction was 82.1%. CONCLUSION: The stability of fracture sites in vertebroplasty of patients with pre-existing lumbar disease was confirmed. However, further compression of the fractured vertebral body was observed after vertebroplasty in long fusion. Therefore, a followup study of more cases will be necessary to confirm the changes in the vertebroplasty site.
Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Compression ; Hand ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Spinal Fusion ; Vertebroplasty

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a sex education program, which was based on the Health Belief Model, on knowledge related to sexually transmitted diseases and sexual autonomy among university students. METHOD: A non-equivalent control group, pretest-posttest design was used. The four session program was delivered to 18 students during 4 weeks; the control group consisted of 23 students. The theme of the first session was "sex, gender, and sexuality: all our concern", "dangerous sex" for the second session, " safe sex" for the third session, and "right sex for you and me" for the fourth session. RESULT: At follow-up, the knowledge related to sexually transmitted diseases and sexual autonomy were significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: A sex education program with several sessions within the theoretical frame of HBM was effective to improve knowledge related to sexually transmitted diseases and sexual autonomy. The results suggest the potential of a systematic sexual education program to teach healthy sex and to extend the program for other various populations.
Universities ; Students/*psychology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases/*prevention & control ; *Sexual Behavior ; *Sex Education ; Personal Autonomy ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Adult

OBJECTIVE: This study is designed to help pregnancy and delivery of mid-teenager mothers by analyzing the clinical features of pregnancy and delivery of mid-teenager mothers ranging from 13 to 16 years old. METHODS: This study includes 77 mothers aged 16 years and younger among the 3,863 mothers who delivered in our hospital from January 1998 to December 2005. We selected 100 mothers who aged between 17 and 19 years, 100 mothers who aged between 20 and 29 years as control groups respectively during the same period and statistical analysis is applied to compare the results. RESULTS: In this study, mid-teenagers constitutes 1.99% of all pregnant women. The number of antenatal care, the number of women experienced abortion, and age of menarche were significantly low in the mid-teenager mothers. Especially, the risks of anemia and meconium staining were significantly higher and the rate of cesarean section was significantly lower than those of the mothers in twenties. The risks of prematurity, low birth weight infant, preterm labor, and birth canal injury were higher than those of control groups, but there were no significant differences in three groups. CONCLUSION: Mid-teenager mothers were known to be high risk mothers in obstetrics due to immaturity in physics and low socioeconomic status. However, the risks can be decreased by adequate prenatal care, sufficient nourishment and maintenance of good habits based on medical and socioeconomic supports.
Adolescent ; Anemia ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Meconium ; Menarche ; Mothers* ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Obstetrics ; Parturition ; Pregnancy* ; Pregnant Women ; Prenatal Care ; Social Class ; Statistics as Topic*

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presented as a malignancy of the uterine cervix is exceedingly rare disease and accounts for approximately only 0.12-0.6% of extranodal lymphomas. Most reported cases were B-cell lymphomas and there is no consensus on the management and prognosis of the disease because of its extreme rarity. Primary T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma arising from the uterine cervix is scarcely encountered that, in the review of literature, only 1 case has been reported by Mhawech et al. We encountered a woman with T/NK-cell lymphoma involving the uterine cervix that initially presented with severe vaginal bleeding. Therefore, we report the case with a brief review of literature.
Cervix Uteri* ; Consensus ; Female ; Humans ; Lymphoma* ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Uterine Hemorrhage

Minerals play important roles in biological processes. Hair mineral analysis has the advantages of conveniences in sampling and observing the profiles of multiple minerals simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to compare hair mineral contents between urban and local middle school students, and to find out the relation with nutrient intakes and clinical symptoms. Ten nutritional minerals and 7 environmental mineral contents were analyzed in the hair samples of 44 and 37 male students who resided in urban and local area, respectively. And their nutrient intake and clinical symptom score were estimated from questionnaire. The average age, height, and weight were 15.1 years, 168.4 cm, 56.8 kg in urban subjects and 15.4 years, 169.1 cm, 61.9 kg in local subjects, respectively. The residence types were apartment (63.6%) and small-sized apartment (22.7%) in urban subjects and apartment (51.4%) and house (37.8%) in local subjects. The primary water sources were purified water (38.3%), running water (18.2%) in urban subjects and purified water (32.4%), underground water (27.0%) in local subjects, respectively. Daily energy and nutrient intakes were not significantly different between two groups. Among the surveyed 17 clinical symptoms, the scores of constipation, cold, anxieties and total score of clinical symptoms in urban subjects were significantly lower than those in local subjects. Hair contents of Na, Mg, Ca, Cu, V, Al, As were significantly higher, while U was lower in urban subjects compared to those in rural subjects. Hair contents of Ni and U were significantly correlated with food intake, and Cr, V, Al, Sb, As, U showed a correlation with energy intake. Hair Mg level showed significantly negative correlation with total clinical symptom score. In conclusion, hair mineral profile between urban and local students was significantly different. And some of these minerals were significantly correlated with food and nutrient intakes. Especially hair magnesium was significantly correlated with total clinical symptom score. Therefore, hair mineral levels would be needed for more systematic study elucidating potentiality as a useful clinical tool.
Anxiety ; Biological Processes ; Constipation ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Groundwater ; Hair* ; Humans ; Magnesium ; Male* ; Minerals ; Running ; Water ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: To analyze the pattern of posterior column injury in unstable burst fractures and to predict the possibility of dural injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was carried out on 22 patients of unstable burst fracture from Nov. 1996 to Sep. 2003. The pattern posterior column injury was analyzed by simple x-ray, CT and MRI findings. In simple x-ray, authors analyzed laminar fracture, posterior facet injury, inter-spinous widening and inter-spinous malalignment, posterior bony injury by CT, posterior inter-spinous ligament injury and dural tear by MRI. The statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: There were 13 men and 9 women, and mean age was 41 years-old (18~65). The level of injury showed 15 cases in T12-L2, 6 in L3, 3 L4. In simple x-ray, findings were showed 13 cases (59.1%) in laminar fracture, 7 (31.8%) in posterior facet injury, 16 (72.7%) in inter-spinous widening and 8 (36.4%) in inter-spinous malalignment. In CT, findings were showed 13 (59.1%) in laminar fracture, 10 (45.5%) in posterior facet injury, 9 (40.9%) in transverse process fracture. In MRI, findings were showed 18 (81.8%) in posterior inter-spinous ligament injury and were not showed dural tear. The combined cases of posterior bony and ligamentous injury was 6 (27%) and 5 of 6 showed dural tear and the analysis of dural tear and radiologic findings was showed positive correlation (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: Posterior ligament injury was more frequent than bony injury in unstable burst fracture. Among the posterior bony injuries, dural tear was more frequent in facet injury. Authors confirmed all dural tear with operation. In cases of posterior bony injury combined with ligamentous injuries, the possibility of dural tear was significantly higher than that of single structural injury (p=0.004).
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a syndrome of obscure origin, occurs particularly in fat adolescent girls and young women. The usual symptoms are headache, blurred vision, a vague dizziness, horizontal diplopia and transient visual obscurations etc., and ophthalmoscopic examination reveals papillederma, due to increased ICP. Visual field testing usually shows slight peripheral constrictions with enlargement of the blind sports. CSF pressure is elevated in the range of 250 to 450 mm of water. Radiological or the other laboratory tests show no specific abnormalities. Treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension is focused on early detection and prevention of vision loss, the only permanent morbidity. Many different modes of medical treatment, including weight reduction, repeated lumber puncture, corticosteroids, diuretics, glycerol or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, have successfully been tried up to 90% of the patients. In the remaining patients, particularly in those with measurable impairment of vision that does not respond to conventinal medical therapies, surgical procedure should be considered. We report a case of idiopathic intracranial hypertension successfully treated with optic nerve sheath fenestration.
Adolescent ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors ; Constriction ; Diplopia ; Diuretics ; Dizziness ; Female ; Glycerol ; Headache ; Humans ; Optic Nerve* ; Pseudotumor Cerebri* ; Punctures ; Sports ; Visual Field Tests ; Water ; Weight Loss

BACKGROUND: The stomach can be generally classified anatomically into three parts; fundus, corpus, and antrum. It has not been well demonstrated how the three regions contribute to specified gastric motility. In the present study, the regional differences on contractile response and intracellular Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]i) were investigated in a mouse gastric muscle. METHODS: An isometrical contraction was measured with a computerized physiograph, and [Ca2+]i was measured with fura-PE3/AM, a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator in gastric smooth muscle from mice. RESULTS: Carbachol (CCh), a potent muscarinic receptor agonist, generated rhythmic contractions in a dose dependent manner, superimposed on tonic components in the antral muscle. Whereas similar contractile responses to CCh was obtained in the antrum, CCh evoked tonic components predominantly. CCh increased [Ca2+]i in a dose dependent manner in both the antral and fundic smooth muscle. However, the increment of [Ca2+]i in the fundus was greater than that of the antrum. Verapamil (10nM), a l-type Ca2+ channel blocker, inhibited completely the contraction and [Ca2+]i induced by CCh in the antral strips, whereas the responses in the fundus showed a resistance to verapamil. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that muscarinic stimulation has a regional difference on muscle contractility and [Ca2+]i, which is mediated by differences of Ca2+ movement in mouse gastric muscle.
Animals ; Carbachol ; Mice ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Receptors, Muscarinic ; Stomach ; Verapamil

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonosis that affects the nervous system of humans and other animals. The genotype of JE virus (JEV) has shifted recently from genotype 3 (G3) to genotype 1 (G1) in Asia, including Korea. Thus, a rapid differential assay is required to make an accurate diagnosis of JEV genotype. In this study, we designed common and differential primer sets for JEV G1 and G3 to detect the JEV envelope (E) gene. The specific primer sets for JEV G1 and G3 specifically amplified the target gene. The detection limits of the three primer sets were 10(1.0), 10(2.0), and 10(2.0) TCID₅₀/reaction, respectively. No cross-reactivity was detected with non-JEV reference viruses. The multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay specifically differentiated JEV G1 from G3. Thus, a one-step multiplex RT-PCR assay was established to rapidly and differentially detect JEV. This assay will be useful for confirming JEV infections in animals and checking the JEV genotype in veterinary biological products.
Animals ; Asia ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Biological Products ; Diagnosis ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese* ; Encephalitis, Japanese* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Korea ; Limit of Detection ; Nervous System