OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of midsagittal reference (MSR) planes constructed in maxillofacial 3D images. METHODS: Maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) images were obtained in 36 normal occlusion individuals who did not have apparent facial asymmetry, and 3D images were reconstructed using a computer software. Six MSR planes (Cg-ANS-Ba, Cg-ANS-Op, Cg-PNS-Ba, Cg- PNS-Op, FH perpendicular (Cg, Ba), FH perpendicular (Cg, Op)) were constructed using the landmarks located in the midsagittal area of the maxillofacial structure, such as Cg, ANS, PNS, Ba and Op, and FH plane constructed with Po and Or. The six pairs of landmarks (Z, Fr, Fs, Zy, Mx, Ms), which represent right and left symmetry in the maxillofacial structure, were selected. Statistically significant differences of the right and the left measurements were examined through t-test, and the difference of the right and the left measurement was compared among the six MSR planes. RESULTS: The distances from the right and the left landmarks in each pair to each MSR plane did not show a statistically significant difference. The reproducibility of the landmark identification was excellent. CONCLUSION: All the six planes constructed in this study can be used as a MSR plane in maxillofacial 3D analysis, particularly, the planes including Cg and ANS.
Facial Asymmetry

BACKGROUND: Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) helps measuring the constituents of the body noninvasively. Prior studies suggest that BIA-guided fluid assessment helps to predict survival in dialysis patients. We aimed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of BIA for predicting the survival rate of hemodialysis patients in Korea. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective study. All patients were diagnosed with end-stage renal disorder and started maintenance hemodialysis between June 2009 and April 2014. BIA was performed within the 1st week from the start of hemodialysis. The patients were classified into 2 groups based on volume status measured by the body composition monitor (BCM; Fresenius): an overhydrated group [OG; overhydration/extracellular water (OH/ECW) >15%] and a nonoverhydrated group (NOG; OH/ECW < or =15%). RESULTS: A total of 344 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 252 patients (73.3%) were categorized into the OG and 92 patients (26.7%) into the NOG. Age- and sex-matching patients were selected with a rate of 2:1. Finally, 160 overhydrated patients and 80 nonoverhydrated patients were analyzed. Initial levels of hemoglobin and serum albumin were significantly lower in the OG. During follow-up, 43 patients from the OG and 7 patients from the NOG died (median follow-up duration, 24.0 months). The multivariate-adjusted all-cause mortality was significantly increased in the OG (odds ratio, 2.569; P = 0.033) and older patients (odds ratio, 1.072/y; P < 0.001). No significant difference of all-cause or disease-specific admission rate was observed between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: The ratio of OH/ECW volume measured with body composition monitor is related to the overall survival of end-stage renal disorder patients who started maintenance hemodialysis.
Body Composition ; Dialysis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Mortality ; Renal Dialysis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Serum Albumin ; Survival Rate ; Water

PURPOSE: Infant leukemia is rare and accounts for 5% of leukemia in children. It differs from childhood leukemia in biologic and clinical features and has a poor prognosis. Research on infant leukemia is difficult due to the scarcity of cases. We studied the clinical progress and prognosis of infant leukemia diagnosed in our hospital, in order to contribute to the treatment and prognosis of infant leukemia. METHODS: The patients who were diagnosed with leukemia in the first 12 months of life were analysed between January 1991 and December 2000 in Yonsei Medical Center. We analysed the sex, age, clinical features, treatment outcome, prognostic factor, and survival rate. RESULTS: Among a total of 41 cases, 19 cases were diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 15 cases with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 2 cases with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and 5 cases were unclassifed. Twenty-two were males and 19 females; age at diagnosis was 4 months in ALL, 8 months in AML, and 4 months in CML. Common clinical features at diagnosis were pale appearance and fever, others were poor oral intake, abdominal distension, and irritability. Hyperleukocytosis with average over 20,000/mm3, anemia, and thrombocytopenia were seen. By immunologic surface marker analysis, 8 of 15 B-lineage ALL were CALLA negative, early pre-B ALL. The remission induction rate was 79% in ALL and 60% in AML. The 5 year-survival rate of 41 patients was 29.2%. Sex, age at diagnosis, white blood cell count > 50 109/L, hepatomegaly, and CNS involvement were not prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Infant leukemia differs from childhood leukemia in biological and clinical features and has a poor prognosis. Therefore, further clinical research is needed to improve the outcome of infant leukemia.
Anemia ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fever ; Hepatomegaly ; Humans ; Infant* ; Leukemia* ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma ; Prognosis ; Remission Induction ; Survival Rate ; Thrombocytopenia ; Treatment Outcome

β Blockers such as propranolol and labetalol are known to induce toxic myopathy because of their partial β₂ adrenoceptor agonistic effect. Nebivolol has the highest β1 receptor affinity among β blockers, and it has never been reported to induce rhabdomyolysis until now. We report a patient who developed rhabdomyolysis after changing medication to nebivolol. A 75-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of generalized weakness originating 2 weeks before visiting. Approximately 1 month before her admission, her medication was changed from carvedilol 12.5 mg to nebivolol 5 mg. Over this time span, she had no other lifestyle changes causing rhabdomyolysis. Her blood chemistry and whole body bone scan indicated rhabdomyolysis. We considered newly prescribed nebivolol as a causal agent. She was prescribed carvedilol 12.5 mg, which she was previously taking, instead of nebivolol. She was treated by hydration and urine alkalization. She had fully recovered and was discharged.
Aged ; Chemistry ; Female ; Humans ; Labetalol ; Life Style ; Muscular Diseases ; Nebivolol* ; Propranolol ; Rhabdomyolysis*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fragmented care in nephrology can cause treatment delays. Nephrologists are qualified to perform vascular access-related procedures because they understand the pathophysiology of renal disease and perform physical examination for vascular access. We compared treatment delays associated with tunneled hemodialysis catheter (TDC) placement between interventional radiologists and nephrologists. METHODS: We collected data by radiologists from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2011 and by nephrologists from since July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013. We compared the duration from the hemodialysis decision to TDC placement (D-P duration) and hemodialysis initiation (D-H duration), catheter success and the complication rate, and the frequency and the usage time of non-tunneled hemodialysis catheters (NDCs) before TDC placement. RESULTS: The study analyzed 483 placed TDCs: 280 TDCs placed by radiologists and 203 by nephrologists. The D-P durations were 319 minutes (interquartile range [IQR], 180 to 1,057) in the radiologist group and 140 minutes (IQR, 0 to 792) in the nephrologist group. Additionally, the D-H durations were 415 minutes (IQR,260 to 1,091) and 275 minutes (IQR, 123 to 598), respectively. These differences were statistically significant (p = 0.00). The TDC success rate (95.3% vs. 94.5%, respectively; p = 0.32) and complication rate (16.2% vs. 11%, respectively; p = 0.11) did not differ between the groups. The frequency (24.5 vs. 26%, respectively; p = 0.72) and the usage time of NDC (8,451 vs. 8,416 minutes, respectively; p = 0.91) before TDC placement were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Trained interventional nephrologists could perform TDC placement safely, minimizing treatment delays.
Catheters* ; Nephrology ; Physical Examination ; Renal Dialysis* ; Vascular Access Devices

Background: and PurposeWe aimed to determine the effect of demographic factors on cortical thickness and brain glucose metabolism in healthy aging subjects. Methods: The following tests were performed on 71 subjects with normal cognition: neurological examination, 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography, and neuropsychological tests. Cortical thickness and brain metabolism were measured using vertex- and voxelwise analyses, respectively. General linear models (GLMs) were used to determine the effects of age, sex, and education on cortical thickness and brain glucose metabolism. The effects of mean lobar cortical thickness and mean lobar metabolism on neuropsychological test scores were evaluated using GLMs after controlling for age, sex, and education. The intracranial volume (ICV) was further included as a predictor or covariate for the cortical thickness analyses. Results: Age was negatively correlated with the mean cortical thickness in all lobes (frontal and parietal lobes, p=0.001; temporal and occipital lobes, p<0.001) and with the mean temporal metabolism (p=0.005). Education was not associated with cortical thickness or brain metabolism in any lobe. Male subjects had a lower mean parietal metabolism than did female subjects (p<0.001), while their mean cortical thicknesses were comparable. ICV was positively correlated with mean cortical thickness in the frontal (p=0.016), temporal (p=0.009), and occipital (p=0.007) lobes. The mean lobar cortical thickness was not associated with cognition scores, while the mean temporal metabolism was positively correlated with verbal memory test scores. Conclusions Age and sex affect cortical thickness and brain glucose metabolism in different ways. Demographic factors must therefore be considered in analyses of cortical thickness and brain metabolism.

Background: and Purpose This study aimed to determine the neuropsychological differences between patients with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of ≤1. Methods: We examined 168 patients with AD (126 with CDR score=0.5, 42 with CDR score=1) and 169 patients with DLB (104 with CDR score=0.5, 65 with CDR score=1) whose diagnoses were supported by 18F-flobetaben positron-emission tomography (PET) and 18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β-carbon ethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane PET. Neuropsychological test scores were compared after controlling for age, sex, and education duration. Using a cutoff motor score on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale of 20, patients with AD were further divided into AD with parkinsonism (ADP+ , n=86) and AD without parkinsonism (ADP− , n=82). Results: At CDR scores of both 0.5 and 1, the DLB group had lower scores on the attention (digit-span forward at CDR score=0.5 and backward at CDR score=1), visuospatial, and executive (color reading Stroop test at CDR score=0.5 and phonemic fluency test, Stroop tests, and digit symbol coding at CDR score=1) tests than the AD group, but higher scores on the memory tests. The ADP− and ADP+ subgroups had comparable scores on most neuropsychological tests, but the ADP+ subgroup had lower scores on the color reading Stroop test. Conclusions Patients with DLB had worse attention, visuospatial, and executive functions but better memory function than patients with AD. Parkinsonism was not uncommon in the patients with AD and could be related to attention and executive dysfunction.

Mercury occurs in various chemical forms, and it is different to health effects according to chemical forms. In consideration of the point, the evaluation of the mercury exposure to human distinguished from occupational and environmental exposure. With strict to manage occupational exposure in factory, it is declined mercury intoxication cases by metallic and inorganic mercury inhalation to occupational exposure. It is increasing to importance in environmental exposure and public health. The focus on the health impact of exposure to mercury is more on chronic, low or moderate grade exposure—albeit a topic of great controversy—, not high concentration exposure by methylmercury, which caused Minamata disease. Recently, the issue of mercury toxicity according to the mercury exposure level, health effects as well as the determination of what mercury levels affect health are in the spotlight and under active discussion. Evaluating the health effects and Biomarker of mercury exposure and establishing diagnosis and treatment standards are very difficult. It can implement that evaluating mercury exposure level for diagnosis by a provocation test uses chelating agent and conducting to appropriate therapy according to the result. but, indications for the therapy of chelating agents with mercury exposure have not yet been fully established. The therapy to symptomatic patients with mercury poisoning is chelating agents, combination therapy with chelating agents, plasma exchange, hemodialysis, plasmapheresis. But the further evaluations are necessary for the effects and side effects with each therapy.
Chelating Agents ; Diagnosis* ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Mercury Poisoning ; Mercury Poisoning, Nervous System ; Occupational Exposure ; Plasma Exchange ; Plasmapheresis ; Public Health ; Renal Dialysis

Lead, which is widely used in industry, is a common element found in low concentrations in the Earth's crust. Implementations to reduce environmental lead concentrations have resulted in a considerable reduction of lead levels in the environment (air) and a sustained reduction in the blood lead levels of the average citizen. However, people are still being exposed to lead through a variety of routes in everyday commodities. Lead causes health problems such as toxicity of the liver, kidneys, hematopoietic system, and nervous system. Having a carcinogenic risk as well, the IARC classifies inorganic lead compounds as probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Occupational lead poisonings have decreased due to the efforts to reduce the lead concentrations in the working environment. In contrast, health hazards associated with long-term environmental exposure to low concentrations of lead have been reported steadily. In particular, chronic exposure to low concentrations of lead has been reported to induce cognitive behavioral disturbances in children. It is almost impossible to remove lead completely from the human body, and it is not easy to treat health hazards due to lead exposure. Therefore, reduction and prevention of lead exposure are very important. We reviewed the toxicity and health hazards, monitoring and evaluation, and management of lead exposure.
Antioxidants ; Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Hematopoietic System ; Human Body ; Humans ; Kidney ; Lead Poisoning ; Liver ; Nervous System