Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common clinical disease which has been associated with cardiovascular disease and sudden death. Positive airway pressure (PAP) is the most effective treatment for OSA; however, most patients experience difficulties in tolerating machines, masks, or economic burdens. In Korea, National Health Insurance (NHI) application for PAP started in July 2018. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the PAP adherence and factors contributing to good adherence after NHI coverage in Korea. Methods: A retrospective study was performed to examine 89 patients with OSA who were treated with PAP in 2019. All medical records were analyzed to obtain demographic and clinical data, including personal history, polysomnographic data, and PAP results. Results: A total of 66 participants were included, of which 56 (84.8%) were maintained on PAP therapy after 3 months, and 32 of 42 (76.1%) were maintained on PAP therapy after 6 months; prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency, increased nonREM (NREM) apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and supine AHI significantly contributed to good PAP adherence for 3 months. At 6 months, prolonged REM sleep latency, increased NREM AHI, supine AHI, and increased arousal index significantly contributed to good PAP adherence. However, comorbid hypertension contributed to poor PAP compliance. Conclusions PAP adherence in patients with OSA was 84.8% after 3 months, and 76.1% after 6 months after NHI coverage in a regional tertiary sleep center in Korea. Prolonged REM sleep latency and increased supine AHI and NREM AHI significantly contributed to good adherence, whereas comorbid hypertension was a factor for poor PAP compliance.

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common clinical disease which has been associated with cardiovascular disease and sudden death. Positive airway pressure (PAP) is the most effective treatment for OSA; however, most patients experience difficulties in tolerating machines, masks, or economic burdens. In Korea, National Health Insurance (NHI) application for PAP started in July 2018. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the PAP adherence and factors contributing to good adherence after NHI coverage in Korea. Methods: A retrospective study was performed to examine 89 patients with OSA who were treated with PAP in 2019. All medical records were analyzed to obtain demographic and clinical data, including personal history, polysomnographic data, and PAP results. Results: A total of 66 participants were included, of which 56 (84.8%) were maintained on PAP therapy after 3 months, and 32 of 42 (76.1%) were maintained on PAP therapy after 6 months; prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) sleep latency, increased nonREM (NREM) apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), and supine AHI significantly contributed to good PAP adherence for 3 months. At 6 months, prolonged REM sleep latency, increased NREM AHI, supine AHI, and increased arousal index significantly contributed to good PAP adherence. However, comorbid hypertension contributed to poor PAP compliance. Conclusions PAP adherence in patients with OSA was 84.8% after 3 months, and 76.1% after 6 months after NHI coverage in a regional tertiary sleep center in Korea. Prolonged REM sleep latency and increased supine AHI and NREM AHI significantly contributed to good adherence, whereas comorbid hypertension was a factor for poor PAP compliance.

No abstract available.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing* ; Immunization* ; Mice*

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the association between dietary and suicidal behaviors of Korean adolescents and investigated differences in this association in children of immigrant parents. METHODS: The sample (n=368,138) was collected from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey from 2015 to 2020. Participants who agreed to provide family information (n=313,689) were classified according to their parents’ nationality. The study variables were 11 self-reported dietary behaviors, and their composite dietary behaviors (i.e., nutrient deprivation and unhealthy food consumption) that resulted from principal component analysis. The association between study variables and suicide-related outcomes (i.e., suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts) was analyzed by multiple logistic regression with adjustment for covariates. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Participants who skipped key meals and foods were more likely to have attemped suicide (aOR [95% CI]: skipping breakfast ≥5 days/wk, 1.28 [1.21 to 1.35]; consuming fruits <1 times/wk: 1.42 [1.32 to 1.52]; consuming vegetables <1 times/wk: 1.72 [1.53 to 1.93]; consuming milk <3 times/wk: 1.07 [0.99 to 1.16]). The associations were prominent in third culture kids (TCKs) (aOR [95% CI]: 2.23 [1.61 to 3.09]; 2.32 [1.61 to 3.35]; 2.63 [1.50 to 4.60]; 1.69 [1.09 to 2.63], respectively). Participants who consumed unhealthy foods (fast food, caffeinated and sugary drinks) more frequently were more likely to have attempted suicide (aOR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.38 to 1.73). This association was also more prominent in TCKs (aOR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a positive association between unfavorable dietary behaviors and outcomes related to suicide, and this association appears to be notable in adolescents with immigrant parents.

Japanese-B viral encephalitis (JE) usually has a monophasic illness pattern. A 45-year-old woman in an altered mentality had improved over 1 month. About 1 week after the initial improvement, the patient became comatose with aggravated EEG and MRI findings. Assays of cerebrospinal fluid and serum were positive for the IgM antibody to Japanese-B virus. After intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) infusion, the patient recovered. We report a patient with JE who showed a biphasic illness pattern and recovered after IVIG therapy.
Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Coma ; Electroencephalography ; Encephalitis, Viral* ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive* ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulins ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged

BACKGROUND: Monitoring the "depth of anesthesia" is an ongoing problem. To identify a useful parameter for determining the depth of anesthesia with enflurane, EEG data was obtained using a Physiolab 800. METHODS: Variations in EEG signals were measured and analyzed by the stage of anesthesia. EEG data was obtained from 15 patients during general anesthesia with enflurane. The EEG signal was acquired and analyzed in 5 steps (one day before anesthesia, during induction, during skin incision, at end of anesthesia, and one day after anesthesia). Fp1 electrode and the EEG data mainly from the forehead were used to determine the depth of anesthesia using EEG characteristics during enflurane anesthesia. All data were preprocessed by filtering, baseline correction and using the linear detrend method to reliable analyze of sample data in the surgical environment. Data obtained were transformed to frequency and power spectrum analysis was performed. RESULTS: alpha, beta, delta and theta waves were detected by frequency area separation and the trend of each wave was observed during each anesthesia stage. EEG data was slowed down and the theta wave ratio increased as the depth of anesthesia increased. Accordingly, spectral edge frequency (SEF) and median frequency (MF) were used as parameters to determine the depth of anesthesia. The frequencies of SEF and MF decreased during anesthesia and returned to the preanesthetic level after the cessation of anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that SEF and MF can contribute as useful parameters to determine the depth of anesthesia. Anesthetics not only affect the central nervous system, but also affect the autonomic nervous system. If the autonomic nervous system signals such as heart rate variability are taken into account, more reliable evaluations would be possible.
Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Central Nervous System ; Electrodes ; Electroencephalography* ; Enflurane ; Forehead ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Skin ; Spectrum Analysis*

PURPOSE: The current TNM staging system for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), which is based on tumor diameter, may not precisely reflect the true tumor burden. Therefore, we investigated whether preoperative tumor volume might more accurately reflect tumor burden and predict prognosis in patients with T1N0 PTC than preoperative tumor diameter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from 1,659 patients with T1N0 PTC, and after exclusion, a total of 1,081 patients were ultimately included. Tumor volume (V) was calculated for all patients using preoperative ultrasonography, and patients were grouped according to tumor diameter (T1a vs. T1b) and tumor volume (V1a vs. V1b). The recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were then compared for these groups. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 66.12±28.75 months, and 97.2% of the cohort experienced RFS. The optimal volume cut-off was defined as 0.545 cm³. There were no differences in RFS rates between T1a/T1b groups (all ages) and V1a/V1b groups (< 45 years of age). However, ≥ 45-year-old patients in the V1b group had a significantly poorer RFS rate than those in the V1a group. These results were confirmed by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that preoperative tumor volume may be more useful for predicting prognosis than tumor diameter in ≥ 45-year-old patients with T1N0 PTC.
Cohort Studies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Tumor Burden* ; Ultrasonography

We report a case of intratumoral fat in neurofibroma and coexistance of eccrine hidrocystoma on the occipital area of the scalp for one year duration. There are several diseases showing fatty change histopathologically. Among them, few cases of neurofibroma showing fatty change had been reported. The mechanism of fatty change is unclear, but several hypotheses are proposed. Here we report a case of neurofibroma showing fatty change and coexistence of eccrine hidrocystoma, and discuss the pathomechanism of fatty change and its relationship with disease.
Hidrocystoma* ; Neurofibroma* ; Scalp

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed whether gender role stereotypes (GRS) and patriarchal attitudes are associated with cognitive function in an elderly community. METHODS: We analyzed data from 580 people enrolled in the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. The degrees to which respondents held stereotypical beliefs about gender roles and had patriarchal mindsets were measured using a questionnaire. Based on participants’ responses, we divided respondents into 2 groups—those with conservative mindsets and those with open mindsets—according to the median score for each of the 2 variables. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Korean version (MMSE-K). Cognitive impairment was defined as an MMSE-K score ≤21 points. Multivariable logistic regression was performed, adjusting for gender, age, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, and social network size. Age and lifestyle factors were stratified. RESULTS: Compared to those with open mindsets, those with conservative mindsets regarding gender roles and patriarchal norms had adjusted odds ratios of 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 3.19) and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.00 to 2.79) for cognitive impairment, respectively. In the stratified analysis, subgroups with younger age and a good lifestyle maintained a protective association with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS GRS and a patriarchal mindset were marginally significantly associated with cognitive impairment among women later in life.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of MRI in predicting the pathological complete response (pCR) and the residual tumor size of breast cancer after neoadjucant chemotherapy (NAC), and to determine the factors affecting the accuarcy. Materials and Methods: Eighty-eight breast cancer patients who underwent surgery after NAC at our center between 2010 and 2017 were included in this study. pCR was defined as the absence of invasive cancer on pathological evaluation. The maximum diameter of the residual tumor on post-NAC MRI was compared with the tumor size of the surgical specimen measured pathologically. Statistical analysis was performed to elucidate the factors affecting pCR and the residual tumor size-discrepancy between the MRI and the pathological measurements. Results: The pCR rate was 10%. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI and the area under the curve for predicting pCR were 90.91% and 0.8017, respectively. The residual tumor sizes obtained using MRI and pathological measurements showed a strong correlation (r = 0.9, p < 0.001), especially in patients with a single mass lesion (p = 0.047). The size discrepancy between MRI and the pathological measurements was significantly greater in patients with the luminal type (p = 0.023) and multifocal tumorson-mass enhancement on pre-NAC MRI (p = 0.047). Conclusion MRI is an accurate tool for evaluating pCR and residual tumor size in breast cancer patients who receive NAC. Tumor subtype and initial MRI features affect the accuracy of MRI.