OBJECTIVES: To study the distributions of pH and gas values in umbilical arterial(UA) blood of normal newborns following uncomplicated pregnancies and vaginal births. Methods: In 457 consecutive normal term infants who were born between March 1995 and June 1998, we examined the UA pH and blood gas values obtained immediately following delivery. Maternal inclusion criteria were defined as an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy and a normal full term spontaneous vaginal delivery. And also neonatal inclusion criteria were defined as a normal intrauterine growth appropriate for gestational age without any malformations and Apgar score of 7 or more at both one and five minutes after birth. Umbilical artery blood samples were collected at each birth and were evaluated for pH, carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2), oxygen pressure (PaO2) and actual bicarbonate. RESULTS: Histogram of UA pH value resemble normal distribution curve. The lowest UA pH was 7.04 and the 10th percentile value was 7.23. The median UA pH was 7.31 and 5% was below 7.20. The lowest UA PaO2 was 4.6mmHg and the 10th percentile value was 11.5mmHg. The highest UA PaCO2 was 67.2mmHg and the 90th percentile value was 56.5mmHg. The lowest bicarbonate value was 13.2mmol/L and the 10th percentile value was 18.4mmol/L. CONCLUSION: The distributions of the UA pH and gas values of the collective of normal newborns were illustrated. None of the UA pH was below 7.0.
Apgar Score ; Blood Gas Analysis* ; Carbon Dioxide ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Oxygen ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Umbilical Arteries*

It is well known that malnutrition is a predictor of mortality in hemodialysis patients. The number of diabetic nephropathy patients is increasing rapidly. This study aimed to investigate nutritional status and nutrient intake according to the presence of diabetes among hemodialysis patients. The nutritional intake and general characteristics of outpatients at Ajou University Hospital (24 with diabetes and 30 without diabetes) were investigated between July and September 2015. Patients' general data were collected, and nutritional status by Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was evaluated. Nutrient intakes were assessed according to 3-day food records. There was no significant difference regarding body weight between the two groups. However, the non-diabetic group showed a better nutritional status by Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) (5.2±4.4 vs. 8.0±4.3 score, non-diabetics vs. diabetics, P<0.05). There was no difference in daily calorie intake (1,473.9±370.5 vs. 1,503.8±397.5 kcal) and protein intake (60.3±19.7 vs. 65.6±20.5 g) in those with diabetes. Intakes of vegetables protein, sodium, potassium, vitamin C, folic acid and fiber were significantly higher in the diabetic group compared to those of the non-diabetic group. There was no difference in daily nutrient intake between the hemodialysis weekday and weekend groups. The non-diabetic group had higher calorie and sodium intakes per meal in the hemodialysis weekday group, but the difference was not significant. Based on these results, intervention should be performed to improve nutritional status in consideration of diabetes and dietary patterns.
Ascorbic Acid ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; Meals ; Mortality ; Nutritional Status* ; Outpatients ; Potassium ; Prospective Studies* ; Renal Dialysis* ; Sodium ; Vegetables

Abscesses of the epidural and subdural spine are relatively rare, but can rapidly progress and cause paraplegia; the mortality rate is high despite improvements in treatment method. In particular, the reoccurrence of subdural abscesses after treatment of an epidural abscess is extremely rare. We experienced a case in which the subdural abscess reoccurred after spinal decompression and drainage of an epidural abscess combined with a dural tear. We report this rare case with a review of the relevant literatures.
Abscess ; Decompression ; Drainage ; Epidural Abscess ; Humans ; Spine

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS) is a scoring system applied in clinical practice to predict advanced fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Evidence shows that progression of steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis reduces the production of verylow- density lipoprotein. The aim of this study was to identify the association of NFS and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and in adults with NAFLD. Methods: Data were gathered from 24,889 subjects who had visited a health promotion center. NFS was calculated to assess the severity of fibrosis in all the subjects. Serum LDL-C levels were measured using a direct method. Results: Serum LDL-C levels tended to decrease with increasing NFS quartiles (P for trend<0.01). NFS was one of the major determinants of serum LDL-C level after adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle-related factors, and other covariates. The estimated mean serum LDL-C level was significantly lower in the highest quartile of NFS than in the lowest quartile of NFS. Conclusion NFS had a negative association with serum LDL-C levels in adults with NAFLD. Elevated LDL-C level is not only a risk factor of cardiovascular disease but also a predictive indicator of NAFLD severity.

Background: In general, women tend to increase serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels after menopause. Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor that causes atherosclerosis and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increases even when attempting to modify lifestyles in menopausal women. Therefore, we wanted to find out what risk factors are associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in menopausal women. Methods: Data were gathered from 4,943 subjects who had visited a Health Promotion Center. Variables are measured in body metering and blood tests. Partial correlation analysis was performed to identify the variables that are related to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and multiple regression analysis was performed to find the variables that can predict low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 57.3±6.6 years old, the average low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was 124.6±33.3 mg/dL, the average body mass index was 23.6±3.2 kg/m 2 , and the average waist circumference was 78.4±8.3 cm, and 21.5 percent of subjects was abdominal obesity. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level showed a positive correlation with obesity, oxidative stress-related indices, and inflammatory markers such as ESR, CRP. ESR, body fat mass, total bilirubin, uric acid, fasting plasma glucose, and WBC count showed positive correlation with serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and age showed negative correlation. Conclusion This study identified several factors, such as inflammatory markers, obesity and oxidative stress related indices were associated with elevated serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women.

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the pro-con of re-implementation by administrative areas and the difference in perception of community water fluoridation in implemented and non-implemented areas after the community water fluoridation in Korea was suspended. Through this, we intend to provide basic data that can help find ways to increase the support and interest of local residents. Methods: The 601 questionnaires collected through the survey and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics 28.0. Results: As a result of analyzing the perception of the community water fluoridation according to the understanding of fluorine, the proportion of people who were not recognized by both fluorine and community water fluoridation was the highest (p＜0.05). As a result of the analysis of the pro-con of re-implementation of community water fluoridation, the approval was high. Among those who responded in favor, the place of re-implementation showed that ‘implementation nationwide’ was high. As for the reason for favor, it was found that it was possible to prevent dental caries disease. The reason for the objection was the lack of knowledge about fluoride. Conclusion The results of the survey for the pro-con of the re-implementation of community water fluoridation showed a higher degree of ‘agree’ and showed that people in the area where community water fluoridation was not implemented showed higher interest in oral health prevention and management. Through this, not only oral education, but also correct information on the implementation method of community water fluoridation, the benefits of community water fluoridation, and the facts that were misunderstood in the past, as well as oral education, can be provided to raise interest in community water fluoridation. It is thought that the expected effect of the re-implementation of community water fluoridation can be obtained if such activities are carried out.

Natural killer (NK) cell enteropathy is not well understood. Although NK-cell enteropathy is typically benign, aggressive NK-cell lymphoma is an important differential diagnosis. This paper reports a rare case of NK-cell enteropathy of the stomach presenting with dyspepsia and weight loss. In this case, upper endoscopy revealed an ulcer-like lesion (approximately 7 mm) surrounded by erythema, edema, and mucosal hemorrhage. The biopsy revealed atypical lymphocyte cells expressing CD56 without an Epstein-Barr virus infection, which is consistent with NK-cell enteropathy. Follow-up endoscopy 2 months later revealed lesion regression with mild erythema. The patient was observed closely for 6 months, with no evidence of lymphoma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the midpoint (MD) of extensor hallucis longus muscle (EHL) and compare the accuracy of different needle electromyography (EMG) insertion techniques through cadaver dissection. METHODS: Thirty-eight limbs of 19 cadavers were dissected. The MD of EHL was marked at the middle of the musculotendinous junction and proximal origin of EHL. Three different needle insertion points of EHL were marked following three different textbooks: M1, 3 fingerbreadths above bimalleolar line (BML); M2, junction between the middle and lower third of tibia; M3, 15 cm proximal to the lower border of both malleoli. The distance from BML to MD (BML_MD), and the difference between 3 different points (M1-3) and MD were measured (designated D1, D2, and D3, respectively). The lower leg length (LL) was measured from BML to top of medial condyle of tibia. RESULTS: The median value of LL was 34.5 cm and BML_MD was 12.0 cm. The percentage of BML_MD to LL was 35.1%. D1, D2, and D3 were 7.0, 0.9, and 3.0 cm, respectively. D2 was the shortest, meaning needle placement following technique by Lee and DeLisa was closest to the actual midpoint of EHL. CONCLUSION: The MD of EHL is approximately 12 cm above BML, and about distal 35% of lower leg length. Technique that recommends placing the needle at distal two-thirds of the lower leg (M2) is the most accurate method since the point was closest to muscle belly of EHL.
Cadaver* ; Electromyography ; Extremities ; Leg ; Methods ; Needles* ; Tibia

Intranasal dacryocystorhinostomy(DCR) has been used as a primary treatment of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Silicon tube or stent(Song's stent in this case) is used in intranasal dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) for improvement of the lacrimal drainage system. But this material reacting with nasal mucosa induced inflammatory reaction. Consequently, we report a rare case of nasal polypoid mass caused by probably originated from nasal foreign body.
Dacryocystorhinostomy ; Drainage ; Foreign Bodies ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Polyps ; Nasolacrimal Duct ; Silicones ; Stents