The multiple primary carcinoma (MPC) is defined as more than 2 or up carcinomas occured with in same or multiple organs in an individual.Along with the science development and advancement of human society,the life-span of human being has been prolonged,and more of MPC are identified.But the misdiagnosis of MPC as the metastases of primary tumors or missed diagnosis will mislead therapeutic regimens and exacerbate the diseases.Therefore,the accurate differentiation of MPC is becoming increasingly important.This article mainly reviews the epidemiology,diagnostic criteria,etiology,frequent sites of involvement,classification,and diagnostic protocols of MPC.

Objective:To construct an expression vector containing RNA interfering(RNAi) sequence targeting human vitamin D_3 receptor(VDR) protein gene,and to investigate its inhibitory effect on the expression and function of VDR in a human osteosarcoma cell line.Methods: Two small interfering RNA sequences targeting VDR were designed by online screening and were cloned into the expression vector(pSilencer-2.1-U6).Then the products,pSilencer-2.1-U6-VDR1 and pSilencer-2.1-U6-VDR2,were separately transfected into a human osteosarcoma cell line(HOS-8603) by liposome.Western blot was employed to determine their effect on VDR protein expression and 1,25(OH)_2D_3-induced phosphorylation of PKC.Cell counting and MTT were used to evaluate their influence on the inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)_2D_3 on HOS-8603 cells proliferation.Results: Compared to HOS-8603 cells transfected with control vectors,those transfected with pSilencer2.1-U6-VDR1 or pSilencer2.1-U6-VDR2 had significant decreases in the expression of VDR protein, in the inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)_2D_3 on the cell proliferation,and in quick phosphorylation of PKC induced by 1,25(OH)_2D_3.Conclusion: The vectors constructed in the present study(pSilencer2.1-U6-VDR1 and pSilencer2.1-U6-VDR2) can significantly suppress the VDR expression in HOS-8603 cells,and block some biological activities of 1,25(OH)_2D_3 mediated by VDR, which paves a way for further study on the biological functions of VDR and vitamin D_3.

Glaucoma is a common eye disease which may cause irreversible blindness.This ocular degenerative disease affects retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and eventually causes optic nerve dysfunction by way of axonal loss.Patients with glaucoma may show characteristic changes of optic disc,damages of visual field and impairment of vision.Detection and evaluation of the impairment of visual field in patients with glaucoma are essential for the diagnosis and estimation of progression of this disease.Numerous techniques have been developed to detect field progression,but no standard has been widely accepted.Assessment Methods including visual field indices,glaucoma hemifield test (GHT),Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS),Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial (EMGT),Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study(CIGTS),as well as the strength and limitation of each method were reviewed in this article in order to find out suitable ways to evaluate visual field defects in patients with glaucoma in clinical works and researches.

Like other mammals,human has obvious circadian rhythm,and light is recognized as the principal circadian synchronizer.Rod/cone photoreceptors of the outer retina and the melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells(mcRGCs) of the inner retina mediate non-image forming visual responses including entrainment of the circadian clock to the ambient light,the pupillary light reflex (PLR),and light modulation of activity by means of a set of mcRGCs projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)through retinohypothalamic tract (RHT).Glaucoma is a group of diseases which cause degenerative changes and loss of RGCs including mcRGCs,so the circadian rhythm of patients with glaucoma will be interrupted.The progress in the study on the effect of glaucoma and experimental hypertension on circadian rhythm was reviewed.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the autoantibody detection and abortion of pregnant women.Meth-ods The dot immunogold method,indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)were used to de-tect serum anti-double stranded DNA antibody (dsDNA),anti-smooth muscle antibody (SMA),antinuclear antibody (ANA),anti-endometrial antibody (EMAb),anti-cardiolipin antibody(ACA),anti-sperm antibody (ASAb),anti-ovarian antibody(AoAb).Re-sults Compared with healthy pregnant women,the values of EMAb,ACA,AoAb,ANA and SMA in abortion pregnant women were increased with statistical differences (P <0.05).Conclusion EMAb,ACA,AoAb,ANA and SMA have high correlation with abortion of pregnant women.Confirming the causes of unexplained abortion and prenatal screening are especially important for the pregnant women in the border area.

Objective:To study the structure of teacher’s app raisal of pupil’s self-regulationMethod:Based on the open que stionnair es that teachers provided of their students’ characteristics, a self-regulation questionnaire of primary school students was developed 736 students were asse ssed by 56 teachersResults:Through exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, four factors, independence and conscientiousn ess, assault and resisting, friendship and obedience, irritability and activenes s, were obtained The ideal reliability and validity were gotConclusi on:In the view of teachers, the self-regulation structure of primary sch ool students includes four factors

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Intestinal Obstruction ; etiology ; therapy ; Postoperative Complications ; etiology ; therapy ; Rectal Neoplasms ; radiotherapy ; surgery

Objective To investigate the infection status of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in a Lhasa hospital.Methods A retrospective survey of Hp infection from 2009 to 2013 was conducted in Lhasa People's Hospital.The data of 14C-urea breath test and gastroscopy were analyzed.Results A total of 2 908 patients were enrolled,1 518 (52.20％) were Hp positive,including 1 061 males (1 061/1 939,54.72％) and 457 females (457/969,47.16％).The Hp infection rate in males was higher than that in females (x2 =14.788,P =0.000).The Hp infection rate by years from 2009 to 2013 was 55.97％ (267/477),49.79％ (239/480),54.66％ (375/686),52.06％ (291/559) and 49.15％ (347/706),respectively.The infection rate in 2013 was significantly lower than that in 2009 and 2011 (P =0.021,0.040).There were no significant differences in Hp infection rates among Tibetan,Han and Hui ethnic groups.In 2020 cases who underwent endoscopic examination,1 098 had Hp positive (54.36％).The Hp infection rate in chronic superficial gastritis group(39.91％) was significantly lower than that in erosive gastritis (x2 =30.143,P =0.000),gastric ulcer (x2 =22.434,P =0.000),gastric polyps (x2 =9.627,P=0.002),gastric cancer (x2 =9.506,P =0.002),duodenal ulcer (x2 =54.158,P =0.000),duodenitis (x2 =14.966,P =0.000) and compound ulcer groups (x2 =8.582,P =0.003).The Hp infection rate in duodenal ulcer group (68.42％) was significantly higher than that in chronic superficial gastritis (x2 =54.158,P =0.000),erosive gastritis (x2 =6.733,P =0.009),atrophic gastritis (x2 =21.496,P =0.000) and gastric ulcer groups (x2 =8.940,P =0.003).Conclusion Hp infection rate appears a decreasing trend in Lhasa area in last 5 years; among various gastro-duodenal diseases patients with duodenal ulcer have a highest Hp infection rate.

FOXM1 is a member of the FOX family of transcription factors and has been confirmed to participate in cell prolifera-tion and cell cycle progress. FOXM1 has been reported to play an important role in more than 20 types of human neoplasms, and its up-regulation promotes tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, chemotherapy drug resistance, and resistance to apoptosis. In recent years, various studies have shown that FOXM1 also plays an important role in tumor metabolism. The metabolism of cancer cells deter-mines the growth and survival of cancer, and metabolic alteration is a key feature of tumor cells. The connection between metabolic ab-normalities and tumorigenesis has been reported. The O-linkedβ-N-acetylglucosamine transferase regulates the expression of FOXM1, which helps tumor cells survive without damage caused by oxidative stress. This review aims to summarize the known relationships of FOXM1 and tumor cell metabolism, as well as its role in the potential pathways of tumor metabolism.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the status quo and trend of the consumption of hypoglycemic drugs in our hospital.METHODS:The data regarding the consumption sum and the market share of each drug manufacturer of the hypoglycemic drugs between 2006 and 2008 were collected and the use of the hypoglycemic drugs in the clinic was analyzed statistically.RESULTS:The consumption sum of hypoglycemic drugs increased year by year,up 19.75% in 2007 vs.39.93% in 2008,and up 120.53% for the drugs promoting insulin secretion vs.72.73% for biological products in 2008.CONCLUSION:There is a great potential for the development of hypoglycemic drugs,and the consumption sum and sales amount of which are expected to experience a fast increase.