Objective To investigate in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and provide evidence for nursing education. Methods From January to December 2016, 450 patients with T1DM were enrolled in this research,all of them were outpatients of diabetes clinic of Beijing Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University. The clinical data of the patients were collected through questionnaires and physical examinations to assess the insulin treatment and related factors. Results Among 450 patients, 221 were males and 229 were females, aged 9.40 (0.83-17.97) years old; body mass index was 17.43 (12.81-28.22) kg/m2; course of disease was 2.32 (0.05-12.89) years; daily insulin dosage was 0.66 (0.11-1.78) IU·kg-1·d-1; glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was 7.54 (4.4-14.9)%, of which HbA1c<7.5% accounted for 55.8%(251/450). 7.5%-9.0% accounted for 30.0(135/450)% , and >9.0% accounted for 14.2% (64/450). 44.9% ,47.1% ,8.0% (202, 212,36 cases) patients were treated respectively with routine treatment, multiple daily injection or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. There was no significant difference in HbA1c between patients with different insulin regimens (P>0.05), but there were significant differences in age, course of disease, body mass index and insulin dosage (P< 0.05). Conclusion Because children with type 1 diabetes have different physiological and psychological characteristics in different stages, the content of health education should be adjusted according to the patient's condition.

Objective:To explore the correlation between functional constipation （FC）and its related factors with acute appendicitis（AA）in children，so as to provide a reference for the prevention and clinical diagnosis and treatment of children with AA. Methods:A case-control study was conducted on 170 children diagnosed with AA in the Department of Pediatrics，the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University，from August 2022 to March 2023，and 170 non-AA children during the same period were selected as control objects.The clinical data，incidence of FC，symptoms related to FC，Bristol stool classification，past constipation history and other information were compared between two groups.Results:The incidence of FC in 170 children with AA was 22.9%（39/170），which was significantly higher than 10.6%（18/170）in the non-AA group（ P<0.01）；For children under four years old，the proportion of faecal retention in AA group was higher than that in non-AA group（25.6% vs. 9.3%, P<0.05）；For children ≥ 4 years old，the proportion of faecal retention and dyschezia in AA group were higher than those in non-AA group（28.2% vs. 6.9%，29.0% vs. 16.4%，respectively,all P<0.05）.The proportion of past constipation history in AA group was higher than that in non-AA group（29.4% vs.14.1%）.The duration of constipation in AA group was longer than that in non-AA group [0.00（0.00，1.25）month vs. 0.00（0.00，0.00）month,all P<0.01].The proportion of children with low Bristol stool classification in AA group was higher than that in non-AA group（ P<0.01）.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that faecal retention[ OR=6.186（95% CI 2.336~16.380）] and long constipation time [ OR=1.310（95% CI 1.095~1.567）]were independent risk factors for AA in children（all P<0.05）. Conclusion:The incidence of faecal retention in children with AA is higher than that in children without AA，and the median duration of constipation is longer than that in children without AA.Fecal retention and long-term constipation are independent risk factors for AA in children.

Objective:To construct an out-of-hospital health management content system for children with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) to provide a basis for clinical nursing staff to carry out targeted health education and evaluation.Methods:A research group was established in April 2019. Guided by mobile health, the first draft of out-of-hospital health management system for children with T1DM was constructed through literature review, semi-structured interviews and expert meetings. A total of 20 experts were selected from pediatric wards of 11 Class Ⅲ Grade A children's specialties or general hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai, Henan Province, Zhejiang Province and other provinces, and the Delphi method was applied for 2 rounds of consultation. The out-of-hospital health management content system for T1DM children based on mobile health was constructed and revised to form the final draft.Results:After 2 rounds of expert consultation, the opinions of 20 experts reached consensus. The recovery rates of the 2 rounds of expert consultation questionnaire were both 100.0%, the expert familiarity was 0.96, the expert judgment basis was 0.98 and the authority coefficient was 0.97. Finally, out-of-hospital health management content system for T1DM children consisted of 6 first-level indicators, 14 second-level indicators and 69 third-level indicators.Conclusions:The out-of-hospital health management content system for T1DM children in this study is scientific and comprehensive, which can provide theoretical references and unified standards for clinical nurses to conduct out-of-hospital health management and evaluation effect based on mobile health.

Objective:To analyze the status quo and influencing factors of post-traumatic growth of parents of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) .Methods:The convenient sampling method was used to select parents of children with T1DM who were admitted to the diabetes care consultation clinic of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University from March 2022 to March 2023 as the research objects. The parents of children were investigated by general information questionnaire, Posttramnatic Growth Inventory, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire and Perceived Social Support Scale.Results:A total of 200 questionnaires were sent out in this study, and 187 were effectively collected, with an effective recovery rate of 93.5% (187/200). The total score of Posttramnatic Growth Inventory for parents of T1DM children was (60.28±18.37). The positive coping score in Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire was (22.40±6.94) and the negative coping score was (8.94±4.58). The total score of Perceived Social Support Scale was (57.39±14.57). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that HbA1c, monthly family income, educational level, positive coping strategies and perceived social support were the influencing factors for the post-traumatic growth of parents of T1DM children, explaining 33.8% of the variation in post-traumatic growth of parents of T1DM children.Conclusions:The post-traumatic growth of parents of T1DM children is at a moderate level. Medical staff should pay more attention to parents of children with poor blood sugar control, low educational level and low monthly family income, guide them from the perspective of positive psychology, encourage parents to adopt positive and effective coping strategies and emphasize the importance of social support, so as to improve the level of post-traumatic growth of parents of children with T1DM.