BACKGROUND: Kinematics studies the movement of the objects using a method of geometry, with strength and quality not taken into consideration; Kinetics major studies the force of people acting on objects and its relationship with the movement of objects. OBJECTIVE: Through an introduction to kinematics and kinetics research equipment, this study was aimed to lead to the current status of kinematics and kinetics, to provide for experimental basis for the research of new equipment and gait experiments. METHODS: Taking "gait, kinetics, kinematics" in English for the search terms, Pubmed database (1999-01/2009-06)was retrieved. Taking "gait, kinematics, kinetics" in Chinese for the search terms, CNKI database (1999-01/2009-06) was searched. Literatures were limited to English and Chinese languages. The kinematics and kinetics research equipment regarding the gait were included, while other kinematics and kinetics experiments were excluded, also outdated and repetitive researches were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 2 367 literature were obtained from the computer screen, and 33 documents of them were involved for analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, in case of gait analysis method, at home and abroad scholars have carried out extensive studies although the content are quite different, they used identical instruments and methods in the testing of gait, in spite of photography or video recording were applied to calculate and measure kinematic parameters, the force platform was all used to record kinetic parameters. Also there are a small number of studies using the distribution of plantar pressure to measure more precise foot-ground pressure distribution, and then proceed to a comprehensive statistical analysis. Kinetics and kinematics gait analysis is applied not only in rehabilitation medicine, but also widely in athletics sports and the related footwear manufactures, the commonly used method is the plane fixed-point photograph and force platform analysis.

BACKGROUND:The studies of plantar pressure mainly focus on barefoot,while the research regarding the effect of shoes on kinetic parameters is little.OBJECTIVE:To explore the peak value of foot plantar pressure between barefoot and wear shoes in max force,max pressure,load rate and impulse during the natural walk,and to search the parameter relationship between barefoot and with shoes.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:The the same body control analysis was performed at the Laboratory of Sports and Human Science of Nanjing Institute of Physical Education in October 2007 PARTICIPANTS:A random sampling method was used to selected 10 male college students from the Nanjing Institute of Physical Education which aged(21.00?2.40) years,weighing(71.53?3.16) kg,body height(176.32?2.62) cm,and foot length(25.67?0.92) cm.According to the regulation,informed consent was obtained from each participant.METHODS:Normal gait of 10 participants were measured by Foot scan7.0 plantar pressure test system,including barefoot and with shoes.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The distribution of maximum force,maximum pressure,load rate and impulse.The parameter relationship between barefoot and with shoes were assessed in the study.RESULTS:The max force existed in the area of heel medial,the second metatarsal and the third metatarsal.The minimum force existed in the area of the toes 2-5 and the fifth metatarsal.The max pressure of barefoot existed in the area of the toes 2-5 and the second metatarsal and heel during walking.The load rate of heel was the highest.The max impulse existed in the second metatarsal and the third metatarsal and heel.The minimum impulse existed in the toes 2-5 and the fifth metatarsal.When wearing shoes,the max force existed in the area of the mid foot and toe1,The minimum force existed in the area of the toe 5,during walking the max pressure existed in the area of the instep.The load rate of the mid foot and heel was the highest.The max impulse existed in the mid foot.The minimum impulse existed in the fifth metatarsal.CONCLUSION:The parameters of forefoot,instep,and heel were larger than barefoot during walking,especially those of the phalanges2-5 and instep.

BACKGROUND:The finite element analysis used to study the biomechanical properties of foot structure contributes to overcome the disadvantages of traditional mechanical analysis of specimens. OBJECTIVE:To summarize some representative finite element models of the foot and review the establishment methods of finite element models of the foot with biomechanical properties. METHODS:A computer-based online search was conducted in CNKI, Wanfang and PubMed databases by using the key words of“finite element model, biomechanic, foot structure”from 1999 to 2015. The language was limited to both Chinese and English. Establishment methods of finite element models of the foot structure containing obtaining of model establishment data, establishment of solid model, setting methods of properties of model materials. The application of finite element analysis of the foot structure in sports biomechanics and medical orthotics was summarized to point the characteristics and disadvantages of finite element analysis application in biomechanics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:An increasing number of studies on foot biomechanics provide the platform for finite element analysis of the foot applied in biomechanical analysis. Many key technologies, including self-adaption image segmentation method, hexahedron grid product method and establishment of finite element models with various materials have to be utilized to converse the medical images into digital models of finite element analysis during establishment of finite element models. Results of model establishment may be affected by limitation conditions, accuracy of image col ection, calculation results of finite element analysis. The reliability of finite element models can be increased by modify technologies and verification methods.

Objective To construct the vector that expresses the fusion protein of HIV-Tat protein and red fluorescent protein(mCherry) in mammalian cells,and observe by fluorescence microscopy the intracellular transduction and localization of recombinant protein in cells,in order to obtain a useful tool for the study of the uptake mechanism and intracellular localization of HIV-TAT.Methods With the designed primer coding mCherry sequence,the mCherry gene was amplified by PCR with the vector pmCherry-C2 as template,and inserted into vector pET14b-His-TAT to construct the expression vector pET14b-His-TAT-mCherry.The constructed vector was then transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3),which had been identified by PCR and double digested with restriction endonuclease,followed by sequencing.After IPTG induction,the recombinant protein of His-TAT-mCherry was lyzed and analyzed with SDS-PAGE.Purified His-TAT-mCherry recombinant protein was added to Hela cells and the fluorescence was observed to evaluate the transduction efficiency.Results The results of identification by PCR,digestion with restriction endonuclease and sequencing indicated that the vector His-TAT-mCherry was correctly constructed.His-TAT-mCherry fusion protein was expressed in mammalian Hela cell line and purified successfully,and the fusion protein showed cellular transduction activity.It was found by fluorescence microscopy that the red fluorescence protein located mainly over the cytoplasm,and also the membrane to some extent.Conclusion The expression vector is successfully constructed for HIV-TAT labeled with mCherry sequence.Effective expression and purification of this fusion protein is achieved.It has been observed that the constructed vector may be expressed in mammalian Hela cell under active condition.Thus,it might be useful in the study of uptake mechanism and intracellular localization of HIV-TAT.

BACKGROUND:The comfortable shoes can absorb or reduce the impact force from the ground. Is the damped system is absent in shoes to relieve the impulse,the feet will be extremely tired,even damage the human knee joint,waist,back and brain. OBJECTIVE:To measure the changes of human plantar pressure by different sole hardness through the measurement system of plantar pressure. DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:An observation experiment was performed in the Shanghai University of Sport between December 2008 and February 2009.PARTICIPANTS:Six volunteers wearing the experimental designed shoes were recruited from Nanjing Institute of Physical Education.METHODS:Three pairs of experimental shoes weighing 103 g were measured with shore hardness tester,as 51,62 and 69 hardness values. Accordingly they were named soft shoes,medium hardness shoes and hard shoes. The subjects were asked to do a 60-minute walk test at the speed of 2 m/s on the running platform with the experimental designed shoes,and they were determined using the insole plantar pressure measurement system of German's Novel style series of Emed-pedar.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:The pressure,contact area and impulse in the sole of foot.RESULTS:With the increase in hardness soles,the pressure of center plantar was shown to move from the medial first metatarsal outwards by turns. Compared with barefoot walking,the trail length of the center plantar was prolonged in subjects with medium hardness shoes and hard shoes,while shortened in subjects with soft shoes. The total pressure when you walked with soft shoes and medium hardness shoes were reduced than barefoot walking,and the pressure of walking phase wearing these two types of shoes were also reduced,while total pressure and walking phase pressure with hard shoes were both increased compared with barefoot walking. The contact area was similar between soft shoes and medium hardness shoes,but the smallest in the hard shoes. Except the increase in the initial 10 minutes,the soft shoes had no change with the medium hardness shoes. The hard shoes were firstly increased but then declined. The total impulse of medium hardness shoes was the closest to bare feet,while that of soft shoes and hard shoes were increased compared with bare foot.CONCLUSION:The plantar pressure was the greatest in the hard shoes,then medium hardness shoes and last soft shoes;the contact area was the greatest in soft shoes,then medium hardness shoes and last hard shoes;the impulse was the greatest in hard shoes,then soft shoes,and last medium hardness shoes.

OBJECTIVEDeveloping a high-frequency ultrasonic skin imaging system to obtain the high resolution ultrasonic image of the skin. And further analyzing the ultrasonic images of skin to explore the imaging characteristics of skin structure and then explore the value of high-frequency imaging in the application of skin diagnosis.

METHODS50 MHz single element ultrasonic transducer, mechanic linear scanning method is used in the imaging system. The resolution and the ability of recognize the skin issue is verified by linear target scanning and clinical trials.

RESULTSBoth the axial and lateral resolution of the system reaches 50 microm. The subtle structure of normal skin tissue is clearly visible. Some diseases have obvious appearance in the image.

CONCLUSIONS50 MHz ultrasonic skin imaging system is of high resolution and is valuable to skin structure detect and disease diagnosis.

Objective To explore and evaluate the method and feasibility of applying the contrast agent fluorescein sodium to enhance the efficiency of Cerenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET).Methods Fluorescein sodium was employed as the energy transfer receptor of 18 F-FDG Cerenkov radiation (CR) to achieve stronger signal.18F-FDG was mixed with fluorescein sodium of different concentrations:0.05,0.10,0.20,1.00,2.00,4.00,8.00 mmol/L.Optical signal strength was quantified by ROI analysis.The influence of fluorescein sodium concentration on CRET efficiency and the optimal concentration that could achieve most optical signal augmentation were studied.The optimal concentration of fluorescein sodium was mixed with 1.85-11.10 MBq 18F-FDG for CLI.Linear regression was performed to investigate the range of 18F-FDG dose with most optical signal augmentation and the influence of 18F-FDG dose on CRET efficiency.A tumorbearing nude mouse was imaged after intravenous injection of 18F-FDG and then imaged again after injection of fluorescein sodium post 18 F-FDG injection.These two sets of images were compared to evaluate the CRET efficiency in vivo.Results In vitro study showed that 1.00 mmol/L fluorescein sodium was the optimal concentration for 18F-FDG dose ranging from 1.85 MBq to 11.10 MBq.The signal from 18F-FDG mixed with fluorescein sodium was 3.7 times stronger than that from 18F-FDG alone.Experiment in vivo suggested that 18F-FDG mixed with fluorescein sodium could effectively enhance the signal strength by CRET.Conclusion 18F-FDG mixed with fluorescein sodium may improve the efficiency of CRET,therefore,can enhance the signal strength,reduce the exposure time and achieve better signal to noise ratio.

Objective:To treat the chronic non-atrophic gastritis patients induced by Helicobacter pylori with Qingweizhitong Weiwan combined with standard triple therapy,and to detect the differential expression of related immflammation genes with PCR array,and to clarify its mechanism.Methods: Ten patients with chronic non-atrophic gastritis complicated with Helicobacter pylori infection were used as treatment group and 10 health people were used as health control group. The patients in treatment group were treated with Qingweizhitong Weiwan combined with standard triple therapy for 14 d. The blood samples of the subjects in treatment group and health control group were collected before and after treatment,and QIAGEN human antibacterial response PCR array was performed to test the total RNA inperipheral blood and to analyze the differential expressions of 84 inflammation-related genes.Results:The differential expressions of 20 inflammation-related genes were found.Compared with health control group,the expression levels of 20 genes in treatment group before treatment were up-regulated (Fold-change>2);after treatment,the expression levels of 20 genes were down-regulated,and 11 of them were similar to the level in health control group (Fold-change< 2).More specifically,part of 20 genes was related to NLRP3 inflammasome.Compared with health control group,the gene expression levels of CASP1,IL1B,NLRP3,and PYCARD in treatment group before treatment were up-regulated (P <0.05).Compared with before treatment,the expression levels of CASP1,IL1B,NLRP3,and PYCARD in treatment group after treatment were down-regulated (P <0.05).Conclusion:The mechanism of Qingweizhitong Weiwan combined with standard triple therapy in the treatment of chronic non-atrophic gastritis patients induced by Helicobacter pylori may be related to inhibiting the expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes and interfering the antimicrobial innate immune response.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficiency of domestic snare applied during retrograde percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions.Methods A total of 27 patients who underwent retrograde PCI for CTO and used domestic snare during the procedure were enrolled in our study from March 2012 to November 2016.Clinical data, angiographic characteristics and PCI details were collected.Clinical data, characteristics of CTO lesion, effect of the domestic snare and snaring time were retrospectively analyzed.Special complications related to the domestic snare and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were also documented.Results Domestic snare was used in all the procedures, which included facillitating the micro-catheter to pass through the CTO lesions in 6 patients and assisting the RG3/rotational guide-wire externalization in all the 27 patients.Mean snaring time was 3.5±5.4 minutes.Stents were successfully implanted in 26 patients except in 1 patient who failed to receive stent implantation for severe coronary calcification.No complications including coronary dissection, fracture of guide-wire and unreleased snare happened during the procedures and no MACE occurred during hospitalization.Conclusions Domestic snare facilitates retrograde micro-catheter crossing CTO lesions and retrograde guide-wire entering the guiding catheter and externalization.It is a simple, safe and efficient method.

OBJECTIVE: To construct the co-expressing lentivirus vector of human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) beta and green fluorescent protein (GFP). METHOD: cDNA encoding hGRbeta obtained from the expression library of fetal brain using gene recombinant technology was cloned into pGC-LV by double digests technology. The constructed lentivirus vector of pGC-FU-GRbeta that was confirmed the sequencing was correct, transfected 293T cells through lipofectamine 2000. The constructed lentivirus vector was identified by fluorescence detection and Western Blot method. The packed lentivirus vector was used to infect 293T cells. The titer of virus was tested by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULT: A recombinant lentivirus vector co-expressing hGRbeta and GFP gene was constructed successfully. After transfection, a large number of 293T cells with green fluorescence were observed under fluorescent microscope, and the expression of GRbeta and GFP fusion protein was detected by Western Blot. The virus titer was 2.00E+8 TU/ml tested by Real-time PCR. CONCLUSION Successful construction of hGRbeta and GFP co-expressing lentivirus vector provides a stable vector for investigating the relationship between GRbeta and hormonal sensitivity or resistance in the therapy of chronic rhinosinusitis whose choice drug are glucocorticoids.
Cell Line ; DNA, Complementary ; genetics ; Genetic Vectors ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; Humans ; Lentivirus ; genetics ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid ; genetics ; Transfection