Objective To investigate the clinical application of anti-β2 glyeoprotein Ⅰ antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA)in systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE). Methods The anti-β2-GP Ⅰ antibodies and anti-cardiolipin antibodies(ACL) level were measured by ELISA in 100 SLE patients, 39 other rheumatoid arthri-tis patients and 30 healthy control people. Their clinical application was analyzed in SLE diagnose and thera-py. Results The level of anti-β2-GP Ⅰ (IgG, IgM, IgA)were significantly higher in SLE than that in healthy (P < 0. 01 ). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 17.2%, 95.7%, 85.0% and 44. 6%, respectively. There was a significant and positive correlation be-tween anti-β2-GP Ⅰ antibodies and ACL antibodies ( IgG, IgM, IgA) (r = 0.418, 0. 624, 0.518, 0. 583, P <0.01). In multivariate analysis the factors(anti-β2-GP Ⅰ antibodies, ACL antibodies, dsDAN, u1-RNP, Sm, SSA, SSB, Jo-1, Scl-70, P-protein, PT, APTT) associated with SLE disease activity index(SLEDAI) were anti-β2-GP Ⅰ (IgG) and dsDNA. Conclusion anti-β2-GP Ⅰ antibody has high specificity and positive predict value, also is associated with SLE's thrombosis. It has some values in the clinical application.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided combined C5 and superficial cervical plexus block in patients undergoing clavicle surgery.Methods Sixty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,scheduled for elective clavicle surgery,were randomly divided into 2 groups (n =30 each) using a random number table:injection with 10 ml local anesthetic guided by ultrasound group (group U),and injection with 10 ml local anesthetic guided by anatomical landmark group (group A).A mixture of 0.375 ％ levobupivacaine and 1.0％ lidocaine was used.The time spent performing the block onset time of analgesia,onset time of analgesia in the medial border,midpoint and lateral border of the clavicle and duration of analgesia were measured.The effectiveness of block (excellent,good,failure) was assessed.The complications were observed.Results Compared with group A,the time spent performing the block was significantly prolonged,the onset time of analgesia in the lateral border and midpoint of the clavicle was shortened,the rate of excellent anesthesia was increased,and the duration of analgesia was prolonged in group U (P ＜ 0.05).No complications occurred in group U,while vascular puncture occurred in 3 cases,and one patient developed mild toxic reaction in group A.Conclusion Ultrasound-guided combined C5 and superficial cervical plexus block provides better block,with faster onset time of analgesia in the lateral border and midpoint of the clavicle,longer duration of analgesia and fewer complications as compared with that guided by anatomical landmarks in patients undergoing clavicle surgery.

Objective To explore the role of improved cranioplasty plus ventriculoperitoneal shunt in early treatment of hydrocephalus secondary to decompressive craniectomy for patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 45 patients complicated by hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy for severe craniocerebral injury treated with early stage improved cranioplasty plus ventriculoperitoneal shunt from January 2006 to December 2010.Then,the clinical data,complications and outcomes were summarized. Results All operations were carried out 38-80 days after injury.The postoperative complications were distal obstruction of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in two patients and intracranial infection in one.The clinical symptoms were obviously improved in 36 patients (80％) and the cerebral ventricle was diminished in 34 (76％) one month postoperatively.The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge was good in eight patients,moderate disability in 19,severe disability in 13 and prolonged coma in five,where better recovery (good recovery and moderate disability) in 27 patients (60％) showed significant improvement compared with preoperation ( x2 =23.47,P ＜0.01 ). Conclusion Early cranioplasty plus ventriculoperitoneal shunt is an effective and safe method for treatment of the complicated hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy for severe craniocerebral injury.

Objective To investigate the clinical outcome of modified large decompressive craniectomy in treatment of severe traumatic brain injury combined with acute subdural hematoma. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out to compare the clinical outcome of large decompressive craniectomy (treatment group) for 81 patients with severe traumatic brain injury combined with acute subdural hematoma from July 2007 to June 2010 and that of standard large trauma decompressive craniectomy (control group) for 65 patients with same injuries from July 2004 to June 2007. Results According to the Glasgow outcome scale at the end of month 6 after injury, there were 21 patients (GCS 5 points) with good recovery, 19 (GCS4 points) with moderate deficit, 24 (GCS 3 points) with severe deficit, five (GCS 2 points) under persistent vegetative status and 12 (GCS 1 points) deaths in the treatment group,with good prognosis rate (good recovery and moderate deficit) of 49% (P ＜ 0.05) and poor prognosis rate of 51%. However, only 21 patients got favorable outcome, including 12 patients (GCS 5 points)with good recovery and nine (GCS 4 points) with moderate deficit; 44 patients got unfavorable outcome (68%), including 22 patients (GCS 3 points) with severe deficit, three (GCS 2 points) under persistent vegetative status and 19 (GCS 1 points) deaths in the control group (P ＜0.05). Furthermore, the incidences of delayed intracranial hematomas and subdural collection of fluid in the treatment group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Modified large decompressive craniectomy can significantly improve the outcome and reduce complications of patients with severe traumatic brain injury combined with acute subdural hematoma.

Objective To investigate the effects of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on neurologica severity score,brain edema,neuron apoptosis,and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) response after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats.Methods TBI rat models were established using modified Feeney's method.Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups with a random number table:sham operation group (Sham group),TBI group,Gln supplementation group (TBI + Gln group) and ERS inducer 2-deoxy-D-glucose group (TBI +Gln + 2-DG group).We measured the rats' neurobehavioral outcomes by modified neurologic severity score (mNSS) on day 1,3,7 and 14 after TBI.Neuron apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining.Brain water content was measured with wet-dry weight method.The apoptosis-related protein (caspase-12,caspase3,and Bcl-2) and ERS-related cytokines [inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1),C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)] expressions in TBI cerebral cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot.Results Compared with the Sham group,the levels of brain edema,mNSS,apoptosis-related protein (caspase-12,caspase-3,Bcl-2) and ERS-related proteins (IRE-1,CHOP) were significantly increased in the other three groups (all P =0.00).Compared with the TB1 group,the TBI +Gln group showed significant lower brain water content [3 d:(81.39±0.59)％ vs.(83.54±0.52)％,P=0.04;7 d:(74.86±0.38)％ vs.(77.32±0.66)％,P=0.03],improved mNSS (8.63 ±0.22 vs.10.37±0.29,P=0.03),suppressed expressions of apoptosis-and ERS-related proteins (caspase-12,caspase-3,IRE-1,and CHOP)(P =0.01,P ＜ 0.01),and increased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (P =0.02).Compared withthe TBI + Gln group,the expression of ERS-related factors (IRE-1 and CHOP),brain edema level,and neurological severity were increased in the TBI + Glu + 2-DG group.Conclusion Glutamine supplementation may have neuroprotection function,demonstrated as reducing brain edema and neuron apoptosis,and improving neurobehaviroal outcomes after TBI,possibly mediated by inhibiting TBI-induced ERS response.

Objective To investigate the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA)supplementation on brain edema,autophagy response and neurobehavioral outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats and the related mechanisms.Methods TBI rat models were established using Feeney's method.Seventy-two SD rats were divided into 4 groups using random number table:sham operation group,TBI group,ω-3 PUFA supplementation group (TBI + ω-3 group) and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine group (TBI + 3-MA group) (all n =18),each group was further divided into 3 sub-groups (n =6) corresponding to 3 time points (days 1,3,and 7 after TBI).On each of the 3 time points,we measured rat behavioral outcomes with modified neurologic severity score (mNSS) tests;brain water content was measured with wet-dry weight method.The mRNA and protein expressions of autophagy-related factors (LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1) in TBI cerebral cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry staining,reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot on day 3 after TBI.Results Compared with the sham group,on days 1,3,and 7 after injuary,the TBI group,the TBI + ω-3 group,and the TBI + 3-MA group had significantly higher mNSS scores (TBI group:12.42±0.27vs.1.34±0.32,12.07±0.27vs.1.16±0.29,10.22±0.39vs.1.22±0.30;TBI+ω-3 group:12.05 ±0.23 vs.1.34 ±0.32,11.38 ±0.21 vs.1.16±0.29,8.20 ±0.21 vs.1.22±0.30;TBI +3-MA group:11.93 ±0.20 vs.1.34 ±0.32,11.09 ±0.19 vs.1.16 ±0.29,7.93 ±0.17 vs.1.22 ± 0.30;all P =0.00) and brain water content [TBI group:(79.82 ± 0.61) ％ vs.(71.87 ± 0.43) ％,(83.04±0.42)％ vs.(72.13 ±0.53)％,(75.12 ±0.72)％ vs.(71.78 ±0.38)％;TBI+ω-3 group:(76.81 ±0.63)％ vs.(71.87 ±0.43)％,(79.39 ±0.59)％ vs.(72.13 ±0.53)％,(73.86 ±0.38)％ vs.(71.78 ±0.38)％;TBI+3-MAgroup:(75.98 ±0.49)％ vs.(71.87 ±0.43)％,(77.14 ±0.46)％ vs.(72.13 ±0.53)％,(72.24 ±0.37)％ vs.(71.78 ±0.38)％;all P =0.00].The mRNA and protein expressions of LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1 in the brain were also significantly higher on day 3 in the TBI group,the TBI + ω-3 group,and the TBI + 3-MA group (all P =0.00).Compared with the TB1 group,on day 3 and day 7 after injury,the TBI + ω-3 group and the TBI + 3-MA group had significantly lower mNSS scores (TBI + ω-3 group:11.38±0.21 vs.12.07±0.27,P=0.04,8.20±0.21 vs.10.22±0.39,P=0.01;TBI+3-MA group:11.09±0.19vs.12.07 ± 0.27,P=0.01,7.93 ± 0.17 vs.10.22±0.39,P=0.00).Ondays1,3,and 7,compared with the TBI group,the TBI + ω-3 group and the TBI + 3-MA group had significantly lower brain water content [TBI + ω-3 group:(76.81 ± 0.63) ％ vs.(79.82 ± 0.61) ％,P =0.04,(79.39 ±0.59)％ vs.(83.04±0.42)％,P=0.01,(73.86±0.38)％ vs.(75.12±0.72)％,P=0.03;TBI+3-MAgroup:(75.98 ±0.49)％ vs.(79.82 ±0.61)％,P=0.01,(77.14 ±0.46)％ vs.(83.04 ±0.42)％,P =0.00,(72.24 ± 0.37) ％ vs.(75.12 ± 0.72) ％,P =0.02].On day 3,the TBI + ω-3 group and the TBI + 3-MA group had significantly reduced LC3-Ⅱ and Beclin-1 mRNA expression compared with the TBI group (TBI +ω-3 group:P=0.04,P =0.01;TBI +3-MA group:P =0.01,P =0.00) and protein expression (TBI+ω-3 group:P=0.01,P=0.03;TBI +3-MA group:both P=0.00).Conclusion ω-3 PUFA supplementation could markedly reduce brain edema and improve neurological functions after TBI,showing a neuroprotective effect,possibly through inhibiting TBI-induced autophagy responses.

Objective To compare the rates of regimen modification between patients with different initial antiretroviral therapy, and to investigate risk factors associated with drug toxicity-related regimen modification.Methods A two-years retrospective cohort study was conducted in 14 060 patients who initiated antiretroviral treatment with Zidovudine (AZT)/Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)+Lamivudine (3TC)+Efavirenz (EFV) since 2012.There were 5 126 patients initiated TDF+3TC+EFV therapy (TDF group) and 8 934 patients initiated AZT+3TC+EFV therapy (AZT group).Chi-square test was used to compare the rate of first-line regimen modification and the rate of toxicity-related regimen modification between two groups.Cox proportional hazard model was used to investigate the risk factors associated with regimen modification.Results A total of 14 060 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients were observed for a median period of 1.85 person-years.There were 2 795 patients who changed their initial antiretroviral regimen and the rate of initial regimen modification was 19.9%.Two hundred patients who changed their initial regimen due to pregnancy were excluded.There were 2 070 patients in AZT group who changed their initial regimen with a rate of 23.5%.Among them, 1 652 patients changed their regimen due to drug toxicity and the rate was 18.8%.There were 525 patients in TDF group who changed their initial regimen with a rate of 10.4% and the rate of toxicity-related regimen modification was 6.2%.The differences between two groups were statistical significance (χ2=366.68 and 416.89, respectively, both P<0.01).The risk of regimen modification in AZT group were significantly higher than that in TDF group (aHR=2.89, 95%CI: 2.57-3.24).The risk of toxicity-related regimen modification in AZT group was also significantly higher than that in TDF group (aHR=3.85, 95%CI: 3.34-4.45).Conclusions Patients initiated antiretroviral treatment with AZT+3TC+EFV are more likely to change their initial regimen than those who initiated treatment with TDF+3TC+EFV.Female, age >45 years old, BMI<18.5 kg/cm2 and baseline CD4+ T cell count<200/mL were risk factors associated with regimen modification.

Objective To reconstruct the initiative procedure of HIV-1 reverse transcription in vitro and establish a methodology of assessing activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) with real-time PCR Methods The tRNALys-3 gene was amplified from genome in healthy individuals through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then T7 transcription promoter was added in 5'-terminal of the tRNALys-3. The tRNA[Lys-3 cRNA product was obtained by applying T7 RNA polymerase through a transcription reaction. The 5'-LTR-PBS DNA was also obtained by transcription reaction from the HIV-1 infectious clone and inserted into pGEM-T easy vectors. 5'-LTR-PBS cRNA was obtained by applying SP6 RNA polymerase whose combining site was located in pGEM-T easy vectors. Then the two RNA samples was catalyzed by two kinds of standard reverse transcriptases (SuperScript Ⅲ and HIV-1 standard reverse transcriptase, respectively) and the cDNA was synthesised. The relative activity of RT was determined with the real-time PCR. Results The tRNALys-3 primer and the SP6-5'-LTR-PBS RNA were procured accurately, whose length were 93bp and 872 bp, respectively. After the following serial dilution of Super Script Ⅲ and HIV-1 standard reverse transeriptase:1 : 10, 1: 100, 1:1 000, 1:10 000, each step of reverse transcription process worked successfully. Real-time PCR results showed that Ct values of the two groups were 13.9, 18. 3, 20. 9, 24. 9 and 20. 4, 25. 5, 28. 7, 32. 5 respectively. Conclusion A novel real-time PCR method is developed to assay the RT activity directly through reconstructing the initiation of HIV reproduction, which may be helpful for clinical management, screening of new antiretroviral drugs, and drug resistance test.

Objective:To analyze key aspects in cultural integration for cross-region specialists alliances of closed cooperation, for promoting such integration and identifying efficient operation of the practice.Methods:Quantitative and qualitative methods were used. 192 employees of primary hospitals participated in a questionnaire survey about their personal information and hospital culture self-evaluation on 18th February, 2019. Data so collected were subject to descriptive analysis. On February 21, 2019, the deans of the hospitals were invited for in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions were arranged for 7 doctors from the center hospital who had provided medical support for the primary hospital for more than half and a year, and for 5 doctors and 2 head nurses from the obstetric and neonatal department of the primary hospital respectively. The purpose is to understand the direction, key aspects, achievements and challenges of cultural integration between the two hospitals. Content analysis method was used to study recordings and interview documentation.Results:Employees of the primary hospital had a high satisfaction with indicators of organizational citizenship behavior, and the quality of medical care and team orientation, with the self-rated original scoring for the elements of hospital culture being 3.755, 3.754 and 3.698 respectively. On the other hand, they found insufficiencies in the innovation, poor orientation and incentive mechanism, with the self-rated original scoring for the elements of hospital culture being 3.469, 3.391 and 3.297 respectively. The self-rated total scoring was lower among medical technicians and those with bachelor′s degree or above, which were 3.029 and 3.202 respectively. Hospital culture integration is designed to strengthen technical guidance and care for doctors and patients, and to strengthen cooperation and support in HR training, scientific research innovation and spiritual culture construction. The key to integration is acceptance. The current roadblocks for efficient operation of this model come from medical insurance policy, material resources policy, logistics support, informationization management, personnel training and support and performance management.Conclusions:The cultural integration of cross-region specialists alliances of closed cooperation should be realized through the interactions of values, systems, behaviors and material resources dimensions. Government should play a leading and coordinating role and improve supporting measures.

reproducible, and may cover the major circulating strains in China.