Objective To investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance(PMQR) in Proteus mirabilis clinical isolated from urine. Methods Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the microdilution method.And PMQR gene qnrA,qnrB,qnrC,qnrD,qnrS,aac(6′)-Ib-cr,qepA were amplified by PCR,then the PCR positive products were sequenced to identify their genotypes. Results In 41 strains of Proteus mirabilis from urine,the resistant rates to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were 41.5% and 29.3%,respec-tively.Among all clinical isolates,qnrA1 gene was detected in 2 strains,qnrB2 gene in 3 strains.PMQR gene qn-rB,qnrC,qnrD,qnrS,aac(6')-Ib-cr and qepA were not detected in all strains.Conclusions Clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis from urine carry PMQR genes.The prevalent principal genotypes are qnrA1 and qnrB2 in these iso-lates.They are related to low levels resistance toquinolone.

Objective:To understand the research progresses of economic evaluation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) both at home and abroad, and provide reference for economic evaluation of NPIs using real-world data in China.Methods:The literature retrieval was conducted by searching Chinese and English databases to indude papers about economic evaluation of NPIs and integrated NPIs published from January, 2020 to December, 2021, and the results were analyzed comprehensively.Results:A total of 30 Chinese and English literatures about economic evaluation of NPIs for COVID-19 prevention and control were included; including 7 papers about nucleic acid and testing and screening, 6 papers about individual prevention and protection measures, 12 papers about integrated implementation of individual prevention and protection, social distancing, nucleic acid or antigen testing, community screening and symptom screening, as well as close contact tracing and isolation/quarantine, and 5 papers about contain strategies, such as lockdown. This study found that personal protection, social distancing, and testing-tracing-isolation measures were cost-effective; however, different combinations of NPIs might lead to different results. Moreover, the cost of lockdown was high, which might cause huge economic burden.Conclusions:Most NPIs are cost-effective except lockdown, while the cost-effectiveness of the integrations of NPIs at different levels and in different scenarios needs to be further evaluated. It is necessary to carry out economic evaluation of integrated NPIs and the combination of NPIs with other interventions, such as vaccination and medication, based on real-world settings in China.