Objective To study the influence of defection of Fragile X mental retardation-1 gene (FMR1) on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and to discuss its mechanism. Methods FMR1 gene of peripheral blood mononuclear cell was silenced in vitro by sodium nitrointroprusside. The effect of gene-silencing was detected using reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The specific activity of adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase was showed by the activity ratio of yield or consumption of cAMP during a unit time. Spectrophotometry was used to measure the two key enzymes (adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase), as to determining the level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the process of cAMP metabolism. Results FMR1 gene was fully silenced by sodium nitrointroprusside at 12th, 24th and 48th hour separately, re-expressed at 72th hour. If the cultivated fluild was replaced with new sodium nitrointroprusside at 48th hour, FMR1 gene would be silenced continuously. The intracellular cAMP level in the gene silenced group was lower, and significant depression of adenylate cyclase specific activity was found in the FMR1 gene silenced group (P=0.000). No significant difference was found on phosphodiesterase specific activity (P=0.983). Conclusions The results suggest that the yield of cAMP could be influenced by defection of FMR1. The depression of adenylate cyclase activity might be one of the causes of the decrease of intracellular cAMP production.

Objective To evaluate the clinic application effects of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal difficult and complicated diseases.Methods The clinical data of 64 cases of agnogenic abdominal diseases underwent laparoscopic exploration and biopsies were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients were difficult cases to diagnose,who have one or more clinical situations,such as abdominal pain,ascites of unknown origin,abdominal mass and intestinal obstruction,and obscure hemorrhage of small intestine.Results Definite diagnosis was made in 62 patients after laparoscopy (96.9％).In patients with ascites,abdominal mass,intestinal obstruction and hemorrhage of small intestine,the definite diagnostic rate were 93.3％,100.0％,100.0％ and 6/6,respectively.The complication rate of laparoscopic exploration was 1.6％ (1/64).Underwent laparoscopic exploration,14 of 64 cases (22％) were treated by operation.Among them,8 cases (8/14) were treated by therapeutic laparoscopy,and other 6 cases (6/14) were treated by abdominal surgery without any comliactions.Conclusion Laparoscopic exploration is safe and effective in diagnosis and treatment of abdominal difficult and complicated diseases.

Objective To investigate the role of cell mediated immunity in HBV infection.Methods tive responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cell(PBMC)to hepatitis B virus antigen HBcAg,HBehg and HBsAg were studied in 20 patients with acute hepatitis B and 23 patients with chronic hepatitis B as well as 20 heath normal donrors.Results Patients with acute hepatitis B showed stronger proliferative responses of PBMC to HBV antigen than patients with chronic hepatitis B as wdl as normal donors.The responses to HBcAg and HBeAg were stronger than that to HBsAg in both acute and chronic group.It was also found that cellular pro|ifertive response,which showed no correlation with ALT level,was significantly increased in the patients with HBV DNA+or/and HBeAg+.Conclusion The results indicate that cellular immune responses to HBV antigens exist in peripheral blood of patients with hepatitis B and potentially play an essential role not only in eliminating virus but also in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B.

Renal cell carcinoma(RCC)is currently one of treatment-resistant malignancies and is not sensitive to conventional radiotherapy or chemotherapy.The effective rate of high dose of recombinant human interleukin-2(IL-2)and recombinant human interferon-α(IFN-α)was only 10%-15%.Advances in the understanding of cancer at molecular level have led to more progress in the development of anti-cancer agents.Recently,mutation of Von Hippel-Lindau(VHL),Ras,PTEN genes have been observed in RCC and the mutation can result in different expression levels of RTK.Among the newly invented medications for targeted cancer therapy,protein kinase inhibitors target intracellular molecules crucial in sighaling pathways of cancer cell survival and proliferation.Compared with conventional chemotherapy and immune therapy,targeted therapy is effective,with fewer adverse effects.According to 2009 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in oncology,this article reviewed the clinical application of sunitinib,sorafenib,temsirolimus,and bevacizumab in the targeted therapy for renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of urantide on myocardial apoptosis in rats induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) or hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS ① In vivo test A rat myocardial I/R injury model was induced by ligating and untying the left anterior descending coronary artery with occlusion 30 min/reperfusion 60 min. Urantide 3, 10 and 30 μg·kg-1 was iv given 10 min before ischemia. TUNEL labeling was used for apoptosis measurement in myocardium. Immu-nohistochemical assay was used for Bcl-2 and Bax proteins expression detection. ② In vitro test An H/R cell model was set up by 3 h hypoxia/3 h reoxygenation. Urantide 0.1,1 and 10 nmol·L-1 was added just before hy-poxia, respectively. Hoechst33258 assay and flow cytometric techniques were used to detect apoptotic cells. RESULTS ① In vivo test Compared with sham group, the number of TUNEL-positive cells in I/R model group significantly increased (P<0.01) ; Bcl-2 protein expression slightly increased with no significant difference, Bax protein expression markedly increased ( P < 0. 01 ) , while Bcl-2/Bax ratio in I/R model group significantly decreased (P <0.01). Compared with I/R model group, the number of TUNEL-positive cells in urantide 10 and 30 μg·kg-1 groups was significantly decreased by about 36.6% and 57. 2% (P<0.05) ; Bax protein expression markedly decreased ( P <0.05 ) , while Bcl-2/Bax ratio was significantly augmented ( P <0.05 ). Urantide 30 u,g-kg1 also markedly increased Bcl-2 protein expression(P <0.05). ② In vitro test Compared with normal control group, the apoptosis rate in H/R model group significantly increased (P<0. 01). Hoechst33258 assay revealed that urantide 0.1, 1 and 10 nmol·L-1 reduced H/R-induced apoptotic nuclei by about 27.9% , 59.0% and 75. 4% , respectively (P <0.05). Flow cytometric techniques showed that the apoptosis rate was significantly reduced by about 32.8% and 64. 7% with administration of urantide 1 and 10 nmol·L-1 (P < 0. 01). CONCLUSION Urantide exerts an inhibitory effect on I/R or H/R-induced apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2 protein expression and decreasing Bax protein expression.

0.05). Radiographic analysis showed quite good results in 77 cases. Complications included delayed union in six cases, severe stiffness in one and neuropraxia in two. Conclusions Open reduction and internal fixation of intracondylar humeral fractures is a safe and effective technique. Meanwhile, triceps-split approach and olecranon osteotomy can obtain same clinical outcome for intracondylar humeral fractures.

Objective To investigate clinical results of shoulder hemiarthroplasty in treating comminuted proximal humeral fractures. Methods Shoulder hemiarthroplasty was performed from May 1997 to June 2004 in 28 cases with comminuted proximal humeral fractures who were followed up for mean 2.1 years. American Shoulder & Elbow Surgeon (ASES) score was adopted for evaluating pain after operation, range of active movement and function of daily work. Results Mean ASES score was 87.9(67-96 scores), with mean forward flexion of 132?, external rotation of 40?, mean VAS score of 2.6 and internal rotation at T_ 10 level. Strength and function of 23 cases reached 80% of the normal side six months postoperatively and 90% of the normal side one year postoperatively. Of all cases, 82% were satisfied with the treatment. Conclusion Only reconstruction of normal humeral length, tuberosity fixation and persevering rehabilitation can contribute to a successful result of hemiarthroplasty for the comminuted proximal humeral fractures.

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT)is an important way of hepatitis B virus (HBV)transmission.Blocking the HBV MTCT has a great significance for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B.This article reviews the current blocking strategies implemented in the antepar-tum,peripartum,and postpartum stages,and summarizes the controversies existing in the blocking strategies in different stages.The significance of HBV occult infection and germ cell transmission in the HBV MTCT is analyzed.The results indicate that the current strategies for the prevention of hepatitis B MTCT need further improvement.Attentions should be focused on HBV occult infection and germ cell transmission.

BACKGROUND:Diabetes mel itus can give rise to bone metabolic disorders in patients, resulting in the occurrence of osteoporosis and low traumatic fractures. However, the pathogenesis mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE:To review the current research progress in the bone metabolic disorders resulting from diabetes mel itus, and to provide theoretical basis of the prevention and treatment of diabetic osteopathy. METHODS:A computer-based online search was conducted in Pubmed database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) from January 2000 to December 2013. Articles focusing on diabetes mel itus regulating bone metabolism were col ected using the key words of“diabetes mel itus;bone”in English. High-quality relevant studies were included, while repetitions and unidirectional studies were excluded.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:A total of 6 979 articles were obtained initial y, and after screening procedures 58 literatures were selectively included in this review. Although type 1 and type 2 diabetes mel itus exert different effects on the bone mineral density, they ultimately result in osteoporosis and low traumatic fractures. It is widely believed that the pathogenesis may be that high glucose breaks the balance between bone formation and bone absorption, so that bone absorption is greater than bone formation. The number of the osteoclasts is increased, while the cytokines of promoting osteogenesis are restrained. As a consequence, those result in low bone mineral density, brittle bone and high incidence of fracture.

0.05). No procedure related complications and malignant arrhythmia were found during 6-12 months follow-up. Conclusion Intracoronary transplantation of ABMMNCs is safe and may improve the heart function.