Nowadays,aging is the general trend of population development in the world.Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the elderly.Because of the atypical symptoms and signs,accompaniment of chronic cardiovascular disease and vulnerability to low blood glucose in the elder patients with diabetes,we should to make safe,effective,and individualized therapeutic programs for them.This paper will review the current prevalence,characteristics,and oral drug selection among elderly individuals with T2DM.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of PCNL with the use of different percutaneous renal access in treatment of renal calculi.Methods:Percutaneous renal minimal access(F14～F16)or small access(F18～F20)was established randomly in 142 patients,and PCNL were performed in all patients.The clinical parameters including operative time,complication and stone-free rate were compared in the two groups.Results:The operative time of simple renal calculi were(78.3?15.6)min and(91.2? 18.2)min(P0.05)in small access group and minimal access group respectively.The operative time of complicated renal calculi were(115.3?20.1)min and(130.7?28.7)min(P

The main reason of recurrence and metastasis in breast cancer is the resistance for the radiotherapy and chemotherapy,and the mechanism of radio-resistance and chemo-resistance may be related to the DNA damage response (DDR).There is a complicated system of the DDR pathway,including cell cycle checkpoint,DNA repair,transcription and apoptosis to maintain the integrity of cell genes.In the cancer treatment,DDR occurs in various kinds of cytotoxic drugs and radiation to cause genetic damage,which limits the curative effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.This promotes the targeted therapy of DDR pathway,especially checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1).Recently,the new viewpoint supports that CHK1 is a main marker of the DDR pathway activation,which shows that CHK1 not only activates the check point but also affects the DNA repair and apoptosis directly.Thus,the role of CHK1 in DDR will promote CHK1 inhibitor to be one of the new treatment strategies for the cancer patients who resist the radiation and chemotherapy.

0.1), while in Yunnan Baiyao group, there were significant reductions in all scores (P

Objective To study the influence of defection of Fragile X mental retardation-1 gene (FMR1) on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and to discuss its mechanism. Methods FMR1 gene of peripheral blood mononuclear cell was silenced in vitro by sodium nitrointroprusside. The effect of gene-silencing was detected using reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The specific activity of adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase was showed by the activity ratio of yield or consumption of cAMP during a unit time. Spectrophotometry was used to measure the two key enzymes (adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase), as to determining the level of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the process of cAMP metabolism. Results FMR1 gene was fully silenced by sodium nitrointroprusside at 12th, 24th and 48th hour separately, re-expressed at 72th hour. If the cultivated fluild was replaced with new sodium nitrointroprusside at 48th hour, FMR1 gene would be silenced continuously. The intracellular cAMP level in the gene silenced group was lower, and significant depression of adenylate cyclase specific activity was found in the FMR1 gene silenced group (P=0.000). No significant difference was found on phosphodiesterase specific activity (P=0.983). Conclusions The results suggest that the yield of cAMP could be influenced by defection of FMR1. The depression of adenylate cyclase activity might be one of the causes of the decrease of intracellular cAMP production.

Objective To analyze the clinical and X-ray manifestations of sclerosing adenosis of the breast,and to evaluate the val-ue of preoperative differential diagnosis between the sclerosing adenosis and the breast cancer combined with pathology.Methods X-ray manifestations and clinical features of 25 patients with the sclerosing adenosis of the breast confirm by surgical pathology were analyzed retrospectively.Then the X-ray manifestations and clinical features were compared with the pathological results.Results Total 25 patients suffered from the sclerosing adenosis of the breast.Among them,2 cases were bilateral sclerosing adenosis,23 ca-ses were unilateral sclerosing adenosis,6 cases with epithelial atypical hyperplasia,4 cases with intraductal papilloma,7 cases with fibroadenoma nodule formation,and the rest with the pure sclerosing adenosis.X-ray manifestations:7 cases presented the medium density nodular shadows with blurred and irregular edges,1 6 cases showed the star-shaped shadows of which 6 cases were the“black stars”,3 cases of“white stars”.One in 7 cases can only see a star shadow,another was unclear or the form was varied.1 3 patients showed the calcification among 4 cases presented the small clusters of distribution with needlepoint-like calcification,2 cases of bulky curved calcification,and the rest with scattered and regional distribution of dot,needlepoint-like calcification.Conclusion Combined with clinical manifestations,the breast X-ray plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of sclerosing adenosis and the breast cancer.

The rapid cooling contracture in myocardial protection is getting more and more attention. Rapid cooling contracture is referred to as the undepolarized myocardial contracture induced by rapid cooling, which is related with the sudden increase of Ca2+. The Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum subsequently causes myocardial contracture through the myofilaments sliding. Its deleterious effects include: more energy consumption, impaired cardiac function, Ca2+ overload, et al. And some investigators have put forward some principals to prevent the bad influences of rapid cooling contracture.

Objectives To study the reliability,validity and feasibility of the Chinese version of memory alteration test(M@T).Methods Cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample was employed to interview 220 elderly people over 60 years old,39 patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI),20 with Alzheimer's disease(AD),and 161 normal cognitive elderly.The survey was,then evaluated with internal consistency,content validity,criterion validity,principal component/factor analysis and influencing factors.Results A Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.818 was obtained in M@T. The correlation coefficients which were the score of the subtest and the total were 0.5-0.9.The correlation coefficient of the scores of the Mini.mental State Examination(MMSE)and the M@T Was 0.933.The 5 factors were extracted with the factor analysis,which could explain the total variance of 69.449%,and the corresponding factors of the proieets have a satisfied amount of factor loading(≥0.4).There were significant diffeFences in the score of M@T among the different cognitive level groups with good discriminant validity(cognitive normal group:39.0±3.7,MCI group:29.0±3.7,AD group:16.9±3.7;F=498.419,P<0.05).There were no significant differences in the score of M@T among the different gender,age,occupation and education level groups.Conclusions The Chinese version of M@T has good reliability and validity and feasibility.The score of the M@T is not affected by gender,age,occupation,education level and other factors.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) which was brought into existence in early 90s of 20 century is a noninvasive technique for creating cross-sectional images of transparent or semi-transparent internal biological tissue structure.In recent years applicability research in the field of stomatology has made great progress.The micro structure changes of surface layer of the lesions in oral hard and soft tissues could be detected by this technique,with its unique feature to detect insidious secondary caries beneath dental restorations that couldn't be found by current clinical techniques easily.In this review,secondary caries etiopathogenisis and diagnosis,principle were discussed firstly and then imaging observation of OCT to detect early second caries around dental restoration and monitoring on risk factors inducing secondary caries are reviewed.It indicated that OCT technique has great potential on diagnosis of secondary caries.

Objective:To investigate the airborne pollen concentration in Beijing city during autumn and to grade the Artemisia pollen concentration .Method:Burkard volumetric trap was used to sample the airborne pollen in Beijing city from August 1st 2007 to October 10th 2007. Patients only allergic to mugwort pollen were followed up, and their symptom scores and the mugwort pollen concentration were analyzed statistically.Result:①Mugwort and Humulus(including Cannabis Sativa L) were the main airborne pollen during August and September in Beijing city, accounting for 31% and 51%,respectively; ②Mugwort pollen season was from 8th August to 8th October;③The daily peak concentration of Mugwort pollen was 267 g/m~3,with an average of 71 g/m~3,the daily peak concentration of Humulus pollen was 672 g/m~3,with an average of 124 g/m3;④88.5% out-patients suffering from hay fever or asthma during Autumn were allergic to mugwort, 28.2% allergic to Humulus;⑤the grading of airborne Mugwort pollen concentration: 0～14 g/m~3 as grade 0, 15～40 g/m~3 as grade Ⅰ, 41～116 g/m~3 as grade Ⅱ,more than 117 g/m~3 as grade Ⅲ.Conclusion:It was the first time that Burkard volumetric sampler was employed in monitoring Mugwort and Humulus concentration in Beijing city. Average concentration of mugwort pollen was about 100 g/m~3, and concentration grade Ⅲ of mugwort pollen was distributed during the last ten days of August and the beginning of September.