Objective To observe the morphologic characteristics of the post-traumatic cerebral infarction and discriminate it from brain contusion. Methods From 81 severe brain injury samples 15 were selected which met the criteria of the secondary necrosis and hemorrhage of brain. Another 15 simple brain contusion samples were selected as control. They were cut according to various requirements either coronary or saggittally or horizontally and observed grossly and histologically. Results The post-traumatic cerebral infarctions were found mainly in 5 localities: basal ganglia (3 cases), cingulate gyrus (2 cases), both cuneus of the occipital lobes (2 cases), lateral occipito-temporal gyrus (6 cases, 5 of them complicated with hemorrhage in the midbrain and pons), and occipital gyrus (2 cases). All of the infarctions were located not at the point of coup or contrecoup. They were localized and had clear boundaries. All of the lesions could be traced back to be related to brain hernia. Microscopically, there were extravasation of blood, and necrosis in the infarction, and usually severe congestion and edema with white blood cells infiltration and glia cell reaction. If the lesion was in the cerebrum, it was usually located at the junction of cortex and medulla, in severe cases extended to whole thickness of the cortex and the subarachnoid space, but the pia mater was not ruptured. There were marked ischemic and hypoxia changes in the neurons. The lesions of brain contusion, on the contrary, were always ruptured. The contused brain tissue may be necrotic. Conclusion The Post-traumatic cerebral infarction is synonymous with secondary necrosis and hemorrhage of the brain. The mechanism of the infarction is compression of intra-cerebral blood vessels due to cerebral hernia. It could be differentiated from cerebral contusion by the relation with cerebral hernia, the location of the lesion, the in-tactness of the pia mater, as well as other related histological changes.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) immunoreactive neurons in dissociated cell culture from newborn rat hypothalamus were investigated on days 1,3,5,and 7 in vitro by means of the im-munocytochemical method. The results showed that GnRH was expressed in the first day of culture. GnRH neurons accounted for 12.1-14. 8% of the total neurons in culture,and they were mainly bipolar in type. There were growth cones on the end of GnRH processes. Various patterns of intercellular contacts between GnRH neurons and between GnRH and other neurons were also observed. These findings indicate that the cultured GnRH neurons exhibit the morphological and functional characteristics of the GnRH neurons in vivo,and serve as morphological evidence for pulsatile secretion of GnRH and its regulation.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between dietary -related behaviors of college students and their health , so as to provide the evidence for the health education for college students .Methods:A question-naire survey was conducted among 2105 college students from Xi′an Jiaotong University with stratified cluster ran-dom sampling .Results:In this survey , college students generally had unhealthy dietary behaviors , cognitive bia-ses of self-images and blind unhealthy weight -losing phenomenon as well .And there was a difference of dieting behaviors between college students of different sex and those of different body mass index .Conclusions:Unhealth-y dietary behaviors of college students were one of the main reasons leading to their abnormal BMI .Hence , it was necessary to improve health ethics education and dietary health guidance for college students , so as to introduce them to consciously assume their own health responsibilities and manage their health .

Breast cancer metastasis is the main cause of tumor death and poor long-term effect in clinical treatment. In the process of metastasis, chemokine may play the main role. In the breast cancer cell, some chemokine and receptor were expressed excessively. It has been shown that through the interaction between chemokine and correspondence receptor, phagocyte and lymphocyte infiltration stimulated, tumor cell invasion into normal tissue with angiogenesis, thus the metastasis was formed. This article reviews the mechanisms of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and chemokine RANTES ,IL-8 MCP-1 in breast cancer metastasis.

[Objective]To treat the low limb comminuted fracture with biological osteosynthesis as a guide in order to decrease damage of periosteal blood supply and increase the bone healing.[Method]For all types of long bone comminuted fracture in low limbs,the operation was taken for keeping connection of bone fragment with periost,indirect reduction through mechanical line,relative stable fixation and there is no need for anatomical reduction.Eighteen cases of intertrochanteric comminuted fractures and 16 cases of low femoral comminuted fractures were treated with DCS.Twenty-six cases of subtrochanteric comminuted fractures and 24 cases of low femoral fractures were fixed with anatomical steel plate in less screws.Twenty-seven cases of femoral shaft comminuted fractures and 31 cases of tibia and fibula comminuted fractures were fixed with compressive plate in less screws.Twenty-six cases of comminuted fractures of femoral shaft and 22 cases of tibia ones were fixed with LC-DCP in less screws.Twenty-five cases of comminuted fractures of femoral shaft and 18 cases of tibia ones were fixed with locking intermedullary nails.One hundred and three cases of comminuted fractures of tibia and fibula were fixed with extra-fixture.Fifty-six cases of comminuted fractures of tibia and fibula were fixed by unilateral multi-purpose external fixing.Twenty-one cases of comminuted fractures of tibia and fibula were fixed by unilateral multi-purpose external fixing with limited screws and plaster.[Result]A total of 413 cases had been treated and followed up within 6～18 months(average 10.5 months).Four hundred and eight cases had bone union and accounted for 98.46% in all cases.One case had nounion and two cases had malunion in femoral fracture.Two cases had delayed union and four cases had nounion in tibia fractures.[Conclusion]It is useful for the bone blood supplying and healing with biological osteosynthesis of reducing bone fracture indirectly and fixing one relatively,especially for comminuted fracture of long bone shaft.

To explore the demarcation between the normal variation and the developemental anomaly of the cardiac conduction system (CCS). Using the method of sampling CCS designed by this research group, CCS of 737 cases died of non cardiac causes of death and 149 cases died of sudden cardiac deaths were sampled, serial sections were made, stained with HE method or Masson trichrome method,and observed under the light microscope.Results:(1)There were morphological variations in size, position and structure of normal human CCS; (2) In 4 cases died of sudden cardiac deaths, developemental anomalies were found in both AVN and HB. The morphological variations observed in our cases include: displacement of the bifurcation of HB into the pars membrancea of the interventricular septum,of the HB toward the left or the left lower sides of the interventricular septum or of less than 1/2 AVN into the central fibrous body , as well as of ordinary cardiomyfibers into the HB or BB. The developmental anomalies observed in our cases include: preservation of fetal type AVN in adults, displacement of whole AVN into the central fibrous body, complete division of HB into more than 3 bundles, and the displacement of the bifurcating portion of HB into the root of tricupid valves.

Objective To investigate the effect of propofol anesthesia on hemodynamic changes and dose requirement of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) during SNP-induced hypotension.Methods Sixteen patients undergoing elective microneurosurgery were randomly assigned to one of two groups: propofol group and isoflurane group. In propofol group (n=8) anesthesia was maintained with propofol (infusion rate 100?g?kg -1?min -1 ) after dural opening, whereas in isoflurane group (n=8) anesthesia was maintained with 1.3 MAC isoflurane.After 20 min the MAP of both groups was reduced by 40% with continuous infusion of 0.01% SNP solution.Results Blood pressure was more easily reduced and maintained in propofol group, and was lower in propofol group than that in isoflurane group following SNP withdrawl (P

Objective To study the pathological changes related to cardiac sudden death. Methods The CCS from 179 cases with cardiac sudden death were examined histopathologically. Result There were 8 cases with hemorrhage, inflammation, or tumor infiltration in the cardiac nervous tissue or cardiac ganglion. Pathological changes such as edema, degeneration or necrosis could be found in the nervous tissue. However, no lethal pathological changes were observed out of cardiac nervous tissue. Conclusion Either primary or sencondary pathological changes in the cardiac nervous tissue might cause sudden death.

Objective To study the ultrastructural changes of gunshot wounds at the brain stem and the cause of the death. Method A case died of the head injury and two cases died of gunshot wounds of the brain stem were studied. Brain stem tissues were taken 25 min after death. Tissue blocks from the tegmentum of the midbrain and the pons as well as the gray matter of the medulla oblongata in the deep portion of the base of the fourth ventricle were taken and were examined with ultramicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results (1) The gunshot wound injuries inside the brain including burn and injuries caused by punch and pressure; (2) Although the primary gunshot wounds were located at the midbrain, the pathological changes extended to the whole brain stem; (3)The injuries of the axons and the nerve cells were more severe and extensive than those of the glia fibers. (4)The changes of the burn included condensation and degeneration of the myelin sheath and axonal cytoplasm, especially the mitochondria as well as edema of the myelin sheath and the axonal cytoplasm. The punch and pressure injuries included the torsion, deformation, fusion, compression, breach, torn and displacement of the axons with loss of cytoplasm as well as the deviation of mitochondria, micro ?neuro - fibrils and micro - tubules in the axons. Conclusion The severe and extensive injuries of the axons of nerve fibers in the brain stem might play an important role in the cause of death of gunshot.

Objective Observe the injuries to the cranial nerves in cases of brain stem injury following head trauma;explore the mechanism of injuries and their relations to the mode and point of impact on the head. Method Brain stem specimens of 465 cases of head trauma were designed to take cross sections at the roots of the 3rd～12th cranial nerves. Among the 465 cases, 171 were proven to have contusion of the brain stem. On these cases, the cranial nerves were observed meticulously. Results Cranial nerve injuries were found in all cases suffering from brain stem contusion. The nerves included were: oculomotor nerve (120 cases, 70.2%), facial and acoustic nerve (92 cases, 53.8%), trigeminal nerve (85 cases, 49.7%), abducent nerve (45 cases, 26.3%), hypoglossal nerve (31 cases, 18.1%), vagus nerve (27 cases, 15.8%), glosso-pharyngeal nerve (24 cases, 14.0%), and trochlear nerve and accessory nerve (10 cases each, 5.8%). The nerve injuries may be unilateral or bilateral, involving single or multiple nerves in a case. The pathological changes included hemorrhage (42 cases, 24.6%), edema (26 cases, 15.2%), structural deformation at the root of the nerves (71 cases, 41.5%), tear of the nerve roots (32 cases, 18.7%). Conclusion Cranial nerve injury is an important part of the cranio-cerebral injury, and also an accompaniment of the brain stem injury. The features of interesting in the injuries were the higher frequencies in the nerves at the upper level and the nerves of larger diameter; of highest frequency were oculomotor nerve, facial nerve and acoustic nerve.