Objective To observe the morphologic characteristics of the post-traumatic cerebral infarction and discriminate it from brain contusion. Methods From 81 severe brain injury samples 15 were selected which met the criteria of the secondary necrosis and hemorrhage of brain. Another 15 simple brain contusion samples were selected as control. They were cut according to various requirements either coronary or saggittally or horizontally and observed grossly and histologically. Results The post-traumatic cerebral infarctions were found mainly in 5 localities: basal ganglia (3 cases), cingulate gyrus (2 cases), both cuneus of the occipital lobes (2 cases), lateral occipito-temporal gyrus (6 cases, 5 of them complicated with hemorrhage in the midbrain and pons), and occipital gyrus (2 cases). All of the infarctions were located not at the point of coup or contrecoup. They were localized and had clear boundaries. All of the lesions could be traced back to be related to brain hernia. Microscopically, there were extravasation of blood, and necrosis in the infarction, and usually severe congestion and edema with white blood cells infiltration and glia cell reaction. If the lesion was in the cerebrum, it was usually located at the junction of cortex and medulla, in severe cases extended to whole thickness of the cortex and the subarachnoid space, but the pia mater was not ruptured. There were marked ischemic and hypoxia changes in the neurons. The lesions of brain contusion, on the contrary, were always ruptured. The contused brain tissue may be necrotic. Conclusion The Post-traumatic cerebral infarction is synonymous with secondary necrosis and hemorrhage of the brain. The mechanism of the infarction is compression of intra-cerebral blood vessels due to cerebral hernia. It could be differentiated from cerebral contusion by the relation with cerebral hernia, the location of the lesion, the in-tactness of the pia mater, as well as other related histological changes.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) immunoreactive neurons in dissociated cell culture from newborn rat hypothalamus were investigated on days 1,3,5,and 7 in vitro by means of the im-munocytochemical method. The results showed that GnRH was expressed in the first day of culture. GnRH neurons accounted for 12.1-14. 8% of the total neurons in culture,and they were mainly bipolar in type. There were growth cones on the end of GnRH processes. Various patterns of intercellular contacts between GnRH neurons and between GnRH and other neurons were also observed. These findings indicate that the cultured GnRH neurons exhibit the morphological and functional characteristics of the GnRH neurons in vivo,and serve as morphological evidence for pulsatile secretion of GnRH and its regulation.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between dietary -related behaviors of college students and their health , so as to provide the evidence for the health education for college students .Methods:A question-naire survey was conducted among 2105 college students from Xi′an Jiaotong University with stratified cluster ran-dom sampling .Results:In this survey , college students generally had unhealthy dietary behaviors , cognitive bia-ses of self-images and blind unhealthy weight -losing phenomenon as well .And there was a difference of dieting behaviors between college students of different sex and those of different body mass index .Conclusions:Unhealth-y dietary behaviors of college students were one of the main reasons leading to their abnormal BMI .Hence , it was necessary to improve health ethics education and dietary health guidance for college students , so as to introduce them to consciously assume their own health responsibilities and manage their health .

OBJECTIVETo study the results of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for medial meniscal tear in late middle-aged adults.

METHODSFrom October 2010 to October 2012,49 patients meeting inclusion criteria were treated with arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for medial meniscal tear. There were 31 males and 18 females,with an average age of (55.3±2.8) years old. There were 22 left knees and 27 right knees. The average flexion angle was (116.01±12.03)°. The pre-operative HSS Knee Score was 48.73±8.43, and the Lysholm score was 63.95±5.45. The patients were followed up and evaluated. All the patients received a standard surgery, in which the torn tissue was removed, and the anterior part of the meniscus was left in situ.

RESULTSAll the surgeries were successful with no serious complications. All the patients were followed up,and the duration ranged from 12 to 36 months. All the patients had 5 degrees of muscle strength. The average flexion angle was (136.77±18.56)°. There was significant difference between the two angles before operation and after operation. The pre-operative HSS Knee Score was 90.17±4.10, and the Lysholm score was 87.84±5.16. Statistically, the difference between preoperative score and the postoperative score was significant.

CONCLUSIONArthroscopic partial meniscectomy is a good option for medial meniscal tear in late middle-aged adults. Operative indication is crucial and the excellent surgical technique is also critical for the good clinical outcome. All the patients could get good clinical results, although there are some patients with motion restrictions in the early stage after operation.

Arthroscopy ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Knee Injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Menisci, Tibial ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Middle Aged ; Tibial Meniscus Injuries

Objective Observe the injuries to the cranial nerves in cases of brain stem injury following head trauma;explore the mechanism of injuries and their relations to the mode and point of impact on the head. Method Brain stem specimens of 465 cases of head trauma were designed to take cross sections at the roots of the 3rd～12th cranial nerves. Among the 465 cases, 171 were proven to have contusion of the brain stem. On these cases, the cranial nerves were observed meticulously. Results Cranial nerve injuries were found in all cases suffering from brain stem contusion. The nerves included were: oculomotor nerve (120 cases, 70.2%), facial and acoustic nerve (92 cases, 53.8%), trigeminal nerve (85 cases, 49.7%), abducent nerve (45 cases, 26.3%), hypoglossal nerve (31 cases, 18.1%), vagus nerve (27 cases, 15.8%), glosso-pharyngeal nerve (24 cases, 14.0%), and trochlear nerve and accessory nerve (10 cases each, 5.8%). The nerve injuries may be unilateral or bilateral, involving single or multiple nerves in a case. The pathological changes included hemorrhage (42 cases, 24.6%), edema (26 cases, 15.2%), structural deformation at the root of the nerves (71 cases, 41.5%), tear of the nerve roots (32 cases, 18.7%). Conclusion Cranial nerve injury is an important part of the cranio-cerebral injury, and also an accompaniment of the brain stem injury. The features of interesting in the injuries were the higher frequencies in the nerves at the upper level and the nerves of larger diameter; of highest frequency were oculomotor nerve, facial nerve and acoustic nerve.

Objective To determine whether chronic constriction injury (CCI) to sciatic nerve is associated with changes in the phosphorylation of CREB in dorsal root ganglia ( DRG) and superficial dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord.Methods Thirty-two adult female SD rats weighing 230-270 g were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 8 each): Ⅰ blank control;Ⅱ sham operation; Ⅲ CCI 2w and Ⅳ CCI 4w. The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal pentobarbital 40 mg?kg-1. Right sciatic nerve was exposed and 4 ligatures were placed on the right sciatic nerve at 1 mm interspace with 3-0 silk suture. Paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation (von Frey filament) applied to plantar surface ( MWT) and paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimulation (radiant heat) (TWL) were measured before operation (baseline) and 14 days (group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ) or 28 days (group Ⅳ) after nerve ligation. The animals were killed the next day and the L4,5 segment of the spinal cord and L5 dorsal root ganglion were removed for determination of expression of phosphorylated-CREB-immuno-reaction(pCREB-IR) using immuno-histochemistry. The pCREB-IR cells both in DRG and superficial dorsal horn neurons were quantified and analyzed. Results The animals developed mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia on the 14th day after CCI (in group CCI 2w) . The hyperalgesia was greatly attenuated on the 28th day after CCI. Interestingly enough the animals in sham operation group (Ⅱ) also developed mechanical hyperalgesia to some extent on the 14th day after operation. The number of pCREB-IR cells was significantly increased in the ipsilateral L5 DRG and superficial dorsal horn in group Ⅲ(CCI 2w) as compared to sham operation group ( P

Objective To investigate the effects of intrathecal (IT) NaV 1.8 antisense oligonucleotide on the chronic neuropathic pain induced by chronic constrictive injury (CCI) to the sciatic nerve.Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 6 each): group Ⅰ CCI + NS 5 ?l; group Ⅱ CCI + mismatch oligonucleotide 45 ?g; group ⅢCCI + antisense oligonucleotide 45 ?g and group Ⅳ CCI + antisense oligonucleotide 90 ?g. CCI was produced by placing 4 loose ligatures on the left sciatic nerve at 1 mm interval with 4-0 chromic catgut as described by Bennett. On the 5th day after CCI IT catheter was inserted at the level of lumbar spine and identified by free flow of CSF. On the 8th day after CCI normal saline or mismatch or antisense oligonucleotide was injected IT twice a day for 5 consecutive days. Threshold to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli was measured before CCI (baseline) and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th day after CCI. On the 14th day after CCI the lumbar segment of spinal cord was removed for determination of NaV 1.8 sodium channel expression in L4-6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) by semi-reverse transcriptase-PCR.Results The threshold to von Frey hair stimulation and noxious thermal stimuli on the operated side was significantly lowered after CCI. On the 11th and 13th day after CCI the threshold to mechanical and thermal stimuli were significantly higher in group Ⅲand Ⅳ than in group I and H . Conclusion IT NaV 1. 8 antisense oligonucleotide can reduce the neuropathic pain by down-regulating NaV 1.8 mRNA expression.

0.05).At T9,the Ppeak and PETCO2 in LMA group were significantly higher than those in ET group [(19.0?5.0) mm Hg and(44.7?3.1) mm Hg vs.(13.0?3.0) mm Hg and(34.1?1.9) mm Hg respectively,t=5.636,P=0.000 and t=15.968,P=0.000].In LMA group,5 patients developed adverse reaction,while in the ET group,13 patients showed the reaction(?2=3.774,P=0.052).Conclusions Ventilation with LMA is safe and reliable for elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery with a low rate of adverse reaction.It has slight effect on the hemodynamics of the patients.

92 type 2 diabetics with DPN were treated by cobamamide (n=46) vs vitamin B12 (n=46) for 4 weeks.Cobamamide improved the spontaneous pain, numbness of limbs, nerve reflection and nerve conduction velocities in higher rates as compared with vitamin B12 treatment, and did not cause obvious adverse reactions.

Objective To investigate clinical effects of arthroscopic synovectomy combined with radiofrequency vaporization for the treatment of rheumatoid synovitis of the knee joint.Methods In 36 cases of rheumatoid gonarthritis with chronic synovitis of the knee joint,with simultaneous administration of regular medication,we had applied arthroscopic synovectomy combined with radiofrequency vaporization to remove the hyperplastic synovium and pannus through standard anteromedial and anterolateral approaches, and superolateral and superomedial approaches.In 21 out of 36 cases,diseased synovium in the posterior compartment was resected via additional posteromedial and posterolateral approaches.A systematic rehabilitation program was practiced 3 days after operation. Results All the 36 cases were followed for 4~26 months(mean,16 months).Clinical effects evaluation showed "excellent" in 21 cases,"good" in 13 cases,and "fair" in 2,with a total excellent-or-good rate of 94.4%(34/36).The knee joint function scores were significantly elevated from 58.6?5.3 preoperatively to 91.6?5.8 postoperatively(t=2.723,P=0.003).The Lysholm scores were significantly elevated from 42.3?3.8 preoperatively to 90.2?4.4 postoperatively(t=2.437,P=0.001).Conclusions Combined use of arthroscopic synovectomy with radiofrequency vaporization for the treatment of rheumatoid gonarthritis has advantages of minimal trauma,little blood loss,and rapid recovery of joint function.The procedure can effectively control the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and restore the knee joint function to the greatest possible extent.