In the past century there have been major advances in the development of clinical psychology. The article discusses separately the present status and developmental trends of research, training, and practice of clinical psychology. It also offers a projective view on the development of clinical psychology both in China and abroad.

Objective The anti-HCV positive results obtained from ELISA assay was confirmed by using protein microarray, and then the difference of detection rate of different antibody function domains was studied through observing low risk population. Methods The HCV mixing antigen, core area antigen, NS3 domain antigen, NS4 domain antigen, NS5 domain antigen were spotted on the slide. The 48 serum samples, which was positive HCV detected by using ELISA assay, were chosen from the specimens applying to investigation of viral hepatitis seroepidemiology in 2001, and furthermore the antibodies containing different function domain were detected by using protein microarray. Results The negative results were obtained from different domains of 15 samples. Then 1-4 antibodies from 33 samples were positive. The total detection rate of anti-C, anti-NS3, anti-NS4, anti-NS5 was 51.5%, 51.5%, 48.5% and 57.6% respectively. In these above statistics, the detection rate of anti-C from Zhoushan, Quzhou, Wenzhou, Shaoxing was 53.3%, 33.3%, 44.4%, 66.7% respectively; the detection rate of anti-NS3 was 33.3%, 100%, 55.6%, 66.7% respetively; the detection rate of anti-NS4 was 60.0%, 0%, 33.3%, 66.7% respectively; 抗the detection rate of anti-NS5 was 66.7%, 0%, 44.4%, 83.3% respectively. Conclusion The difference of distribution of different antibody function domains existed through studying low risk population. Moreover, the protein microarray assay was highly specific for detecting and identifying HCV antibody in low risk population.

Objective To observe the clinical effects of puerarin injection combined with reduced glutathione in the treatment of stage Ⅲ of diabetic nephropathy.Methods One hundred inpatients with stage Ⅲ of diabetic nephropathy in the Chongqing Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2015 to October 2016 were selected and divided into the observation group and control group according to the random number table method,50 cases in each group.Both groups took the basic therapy of controlling blood sugar,blood lipids and blood pressure.On the basis of general treatment,the control group was added with reduced glutathione injection 1.8 g/d,while on the basis of the control treatment,the observation group was added with puerarin injection 300 mg/d.Both groups were treated for 4 weeks.Fasting plasma glucose (FPG),2 h postprandial plasma glucose (2 h PG),blood pressure,blood fat,serum creatinine(SCr),blood urea nitrogen (BUN),24 h urinary total protein,urine albumin,urine β2 micro-globulin (β2-MG),NAG,and other indicators before and after treatment were detected in the two groups.Results FPG,2 h PG,blood pressure and blood fat after treatment in the observation group and control group were improved,but the improvement in the observation group was better than that in the control group (P＜0.05);the levels of SCr,BUN,24 h urine protein,urine albumin and β2 micro-globulin and urine NAG in the observation group and control group patients were reduced to some extent(P＜ 0.05),which were significantly improved compared with before treatment (P＜0.05),but the improvement degree in the observation group were better than that in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Puerarin injection combined with reduced glutathione injection has obvious therapeutic effect in treating the stageⅢ of diabetic nephropathy,and has less adverse reactions,is safe and effective and can be promoted and applied in clinic.

We have confirmed that many of the intraepithelial neoplasia confined to in situ may never be found in some patients ,such as breast ,prostate and lung lesions ,but few of these lesions progress to malignancy are unexplained .Studies demonstrate that many invasive neoplasia and its precancerous lesions with similar genes changes,which provide the necessary premise for the late tumor metastatic ,just like specific promoter mutations driving the cancer development ,but the current radical view is that the mutations of the genes are not the driver of cancer development ,rather the microenvironment of the cells inhibits or promotes the development of tumor .Gen-eral view is that the epithelial cells are changed before the cell matrix in the development of neoplasia ,but recent evidences show that the cell matrix is the first to change .This paper will focus on how matrix changes affect the epithelial tumor development ,and this will bring new breakthrough for controlling epithelial tumors .

Several signaling pathways are involved in clonal proliferation of lymphoma cells and disease progression. It has been shown that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, as an important intra-cellular messenger delivery system, is related to modulation of multiple physiological processes including cell prolifer-ation, secretion, metabolism and apoptosis. Manipulating the cAMP signaling pathway can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of various malignant lymphoid cells, which involves mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and cAMP-modulated protein kinases as well as changes of intracellular mediators. In-depth research and analysis of cAMP-induced apoptosis in lymphoma cells would provide potential targets and possible therapeutic means for the treatment of lymphoma.

Purpose To explore the expression of Bmi-1, p14ARF and Mdm2 in colorectal carcinoma and to find out their association with clinicopathological features. Methods The expression of Bmi-1, p14ARF and Mdm2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in 125 cases of colorectal carcinoma and 20 cases of normal colorectal tissues. Results ( 1 ) The positive rates of Bmi-1 and Mdm2 were 56. 8% and 62. 4% in colorectal carcinoma, respectively, which were much higher than that in normal colorectal tissues (20. 0% and 15. 0%). The positive rates of p14ARF was 47. 2% in colorectal carcinoma, which was much lower than that 75. 0% in normal colorec-tal tissues ( P<0. 05 ) . ( 2 ) The expression of Bmi-1 was significantly correlated with serosal invasion, lymph node metastasis and Dukes stage. The expression of p14ARF was significantly correlated with serosal invasion and Dukes stage. The expression of Mdm2 was significantly correlated with histologic grade, lymph node metastasis and Dukes stage (P<0. 05). (3) In colorectal carcinoma, the expression of Bmi-1 and Mdm2 was negatively correlated with p14ARF, respectively (P<0. 05). Conclusions Abnormal expression of Bmi-1, p14ARF and Mdm2 is involved in the occurrence, development and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma, which could be as the reference factors in judgement of biological behavior and provide a new target for clinical treatment.

It is important in clinical practice to identify the types of serum free light chain (FLC),especially to measure the concentration of serum FLC.The serum FLC assay in combination with other serum protein analysis are very valuable in the diagnosis,monitor,and response evaluation of patients with plasma cell disorders(PCD).The methods progress of the measurement of serum FLC and clinical application in diagnosis and evaluation of treatment are reviewed.

Objective: To assess the risk of recurrence in patients with surgically resected lymph node-positivepenile cancer by classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Methods: The medical recordsand follow-up data of sixty patients with surgically resected lymph node-positive penile cancer between 1990 and 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. The node-related prognostic factors were collected,such as the number of positive lymph nodes, unilateral or bilateral lymph node metastasis, pelvic nodal involvement and extranodal involvement. The CART analysis was used to generate a regression tree modelfor identifying recurrence risk of surgically resected lymph node-positive penile cancer, and the tree wasvalidated in this study population. Results: The regression tree model for predicting different recurrencerisk of patients with surgically resected lymph node-positive penile cancer was generated by CART. The positive lymph-node number and the extranodal involvement were both important prognostic factors.The patients with node-positive penile cancer were divided into four groups according to recurrence risk classified by CART. The survival curves showed the distinct difference in recurrence-free survival amongthese four gourps (P <0.05). Conclusion: A regression tree model generated by CART can accurately identify and classify the recurrence risk of patients with surgically resected lymph node-positive penilecancer, and this regression tree may aid individualized decision-making in clinical practice. Copyright© 2011 by TUMOR.

Carbonic anhydrase(CA) is one of a group of enzyme that contains zinc. They exist widely in the mammals. CA has at least 14 species of isoenzyme. Among them,CAIX is located at the downstream of VHL tumor suppressor gene,and it can be activated through HIF-1 pathway. CAIX primarily exists in the mucous membrane of gastrointestinal tract in normal human tissues and its expression is low. However,higher expression of CAIX can be detected in renal cell carcinoma,cervical carcinoma and lung cancer,it may be closely related with the occurrence and development of the tumor. In addition,we can predict the prognosis of tumor patients by analysis of the expression of CAIX,thus,it is considered that CAIX is a tumor specifi c antigen. Due to its highly specifi c expression in renal cell carcinoma,CAIX will become the potential target antigen of tumor vaccine as well as the target gene for the treatment of RCC. The application of CAIX shows high promise in RCC target therapy. Hence,it is defi nitely important for us to investigate the expression and regulation of the CAIX.

Objective　The age-related changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP）immunoreactive nerve fibers in dental pulp-dentine complex were studied to explore the clinical signs of dental disease and their mechanism of aging.　Methods　Human premolars were collected and divided into 4 groups according to age. All samples were embedded in paraffin and cut into slices. These slices were treated by immunohistochemical reaction of CGRP. The image analysis was used for quantitative analysis and SAS software was used for statistics. 　Results　By aging, the bundle of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve became thin gradually, the numbers of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve branch decreased, the staining density of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve also descended and the distribution of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers into predine was shorter. Image analysis showed that the intergral optical density, volume density, length density and line length of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve were all decreased by aging. The differences in volume density, length density and line length of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve were significant among different groups, but this significance was not found in parameter of integral optical density of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve.　Conclusions　The numbers, branches and extent of distribution of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers decreased by age. The sensitivity of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve may also be lower by age.