Objective: The effects of estrogen on cellular immunity were investigated to explore the immunomodulatory properties of estrogen. Methods: In the present study, the in vitro influences of estrogen at 10~(-8),10~(-7 )and 10~(-6) mol/L on the ConA-induced proliferation of thymocytes were determined by MTT assay. Results: The results showed that estrogen at all concentrations we used suppressed the ConA-induced proliferation of thymocytes. The inhibitive effects had dose- and time- dependent pattern. Conclusion: These results suggested that estrogen had inhibiting effects on the cellular immunity.

Objective To investigate the effects of hypertonic saline/hetastarch solution (HHS) on stress hormones and glucose metabolism in hemorrhagic shock rabbit.Methods Fourteen rabbits of both sexes weighing 2.2-2.6 kg were randomly divided into 2 groups : HHS group ( n = 7) and lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) group ( n = 7). The animals were anesthetized with intravenous 20% urethane 5 ml? kg-1 . Femoral artery was cannulated for BP monitoring and femoral vein was cannulated for removal of blood and fluid infusion. Hemorrhagic shock was induced according to Wiggers. MAP was maintained at 45 mm Hg for 45 min. Then the animals in HHS group received HHS 6 ml? kg-1 and those in LRS group LRS 6 ml? kg-1 . Venous blood samples were taken before shock (baseline), during shock before resuscitation, and 30, 60, 120 min after fluid resuscitation for determination of plasma epinephrine, glucagon, insulin and blood glucose concentration. The insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated.Results After resuscitation MAP returned to baseline level in HHS group while in LRS group MAP was still lower than the baseline. The plasma epinephrine, glucagon and blood glucose concentration increased significantly while plasma insulin concentration decreased significantly during shock before fluid resuscitation compared to the baseline in both groups. After fluid resuscitation plasma epinephrine and glucagon concentration decreased significantly and plasma insulin concentration increased significantly in HHS group whereas in LRS group plasma epinephrine, glucagon and insulin concentration kept increasing. The blood glucose level was significantly lower at 60 and 120 min after resuscitation in HHS group than in LRS group. ISI was decreased after resuscitation in both groups but was significantly lower at 60 and 120 min after resuscitation in LRS group than in HHS group.Conclusion Resuscitation with HHS can reduce the stress response and ameliorate the decrease in insulin sensitivity during hemorrhagic shock.

Mechanical ventilation is not only an important treatment method of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),but also one of the basic treatments in the intensive care unit (ICU).However,mechanical ventilation itself can cause or aggravate acute lung injury,which is called ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI).Currently,clinical pathogenesis of VILI includes four categories such as barotrauma,volutrauma,atelectrauma and hiotrauma.The pathogenesis of mechanical injury has been widely accepted,but the biological injury pathogenesis is unclear.With further research,we found that in the late stage VILI patients occured proliferation of puhnonary fibrosis,which may be formed by partial epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EMT).Further study of specific pathogenesis of biotrauma and ARDS pulmonary fibrosis proliferation could provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of VILI.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients experiencing protective mechanical ventilation, is associated with a marked mortality reduction. However, the incidence of acute cor pulmonale (ACP) in ARDS patients has recently been reported to range between 22% and 25%, as well as a trend for higher mortality. Therefore, the mechanical ventilation strategy is proposed, not only based on the protection of the lung, but also focused on the impact on the right ventricle function. Currently, point-of-care ultrasound has been widely practiced in a variety of clinical setting, which plays more and more important role in the early detection and management of ARDS and its complications. A retrospective study concerning the incidence, pathophysiology and risk factors for ACP patients in ARDS was done to analysis the application of lung ultrasound and echocardiography combined with lung ultrasound in clinical hemodynamics monitoring, and so as to optimize the ventilation setting to protect the function of lung and right ventricle. Further exploration of effective improvement of the pulmonary vascular and right ventricle function the goal-directed ultrasound approach, and the diagnosis and treatment flow is expected.

Objective To explore the effect of inadequate reduction of the medial wall on the postoperative varus deformity following calcaneal fracture surgery and other influencing factors of varus deformity.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of the 60 patients with calcaneal fracture involving the medial wall (60 feet) who had been treated from October 2005 to September 2015.They were 51 men and 9 women,18 to 55 years of age (average,38.4 years).According to the Sanders classification,24 patients belonged to type Ⅱ,30 to type Ⅲ,and 6 to type Ⅳ.We measured the integrity of the pre-and post-operative medial walls,the height and width of the pre-and post-operative calcanei,the pre-and post-operative B(o)hler angles and the pre-and post-operative calcaneal varus angles for statistical analysis.Results The effect of postoperative height reduction of the medial wall on the postoperative correction of varus angle was significantly larger than that of the lateral wall (P ＜ 0.05).The higher the integrity of the postoperative medial wall,the larger the correction of the postoperative varus angle.The normal rate of postoperative calcaneal varus angle significantly decreased with the increased Sanders classification severity (P =0.001).The postoperative reduction of the height and width of the calcaneus and the integrity of the preand post-operative medial walls were significantly positively correlated to the normal rate of postoperative calcaneal varus angle (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The medial wall has a large influence on the postoperative calcaneal varus angle.The higher integrity of the preoperative medial wall,and the more adequate reduction and fixation of the postoperative medial wall as well,the higher rate of postoperative normal calcaneal varus angle.The postoperative reduction of the calcaneal height also affects the varus angle.When the heights of the medial and lateral walls are recovered,the normal rate of varus angle is the highest;when reduction of the medial wall is inadequate but reduction of the lateral wall is fine,the normal rate of varus angle is the lowest.

The article briefly reviewed the different perspectives on the definition of medical professionalism and summarized the current status of medical professionalism studies in China and foreign country represented by the United States.In terms of medical moral values , conflict of interest , autonomy and the professionalism training , based on the status quo of physician professionalism in China , some ideas to improve and build medical profession-alism in China are proposed .

0.05).However,the sex distribution was different between the two groups(P

Objective To establish a pretreatment method which is applicable to the determination of strontium(Sr)in toothpaste by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.Methods The pretreatment was performed by using digestion pot technique, with lanthanum nitrate as the anti-interference agent.Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used in this study,the parameters of digestion temperature and the results of two pretreatment methods were compared.Results The toothpaste sample was digested completely by using digestion pot technique with little examined elements lost during digestion.Time-saving and pollution-free were seen in the test.The detection limit of this method was 0.02?g/ml,and the RSDs were 0.98%-3.01%.The recovery rate was at the range of 94.7%-110%.No significant difference was seen between these two pretreatment methods.Conclusion This method has advantages of high sensitivity and precision in the determination of strontium in toothpaste by flame atomic absorption spectrometry,so it can be employed in various laboratories.

0.75).Conclusions The method of single-slice and multi-slice TSE sequence in T_2 measurement is feasible.For bone marrow and extremely long T_2 tissue(for instance,cerebrospinal fluid),however,there may be considerable discrepancy on T_2 values obtained by TSE sequence.

Objective To study the protective role of AngiotensinⅡreceptor inhibitor in ventilator-induced lung injury of rats.Method Forty healthy male SD rats were equally divided into four group (A,B,C,D group,n=10).Group A served as control group,group B had low tidal volume (V_T=10 ml/kg) with breathing rate (P)=80/min;group C had high tidal volume (V_T=40 ml/kg) group with breathing rate 80/min;group D had high tidal volume (V_T=40 ml/kg) group with breathing rate 80/min,all rats in group D were pretreated with Losartan.The duration of ventilation in 'all groups was two hours.Rats were sacrificed after experiment finished. The lung lavage liquid and lung tissue were collected and preserved with well established methods.Lung pathological change was observed by microscope;lung cell apoptosis was assessed with TUNEL;the expression of ANGⅡwas assayed with RT-PCR.The measured variables also included total protein,WBC,W/D,MPO. Results In comparison with B group,all variables in group C were significantly increased (P