Objective:The current study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against Indum-tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticle (Nano-ITO) -induced pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in rats, especially via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling.Methods:In October 2019, 50 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into five groups (10 rats each) as follows: blank control group, saline control group, NAC control group (200 mg/kg), Nano-ITO group (receiving a repeated intratracheal dose of 6 mg/kg Nano-ITO) and NAC intervention group (pre-treated intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg NAC 1.5 h before the administration of an intratracheal dose of 6 mg/kg Nano-ITO). The rats were exposed twice a week for 12 weeks. Rats were then euthanized under anesthesia, and their lungs were removed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. The comparison of indicators reflecting oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation among groups was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni's test. The effect of NAC on Nano-ITO induced NF-κB signaling pathway in rats was analyzed.Results:Histopathological examination of Nano-ITO exposed rats revealed diffuse alveolar damage, including PAP, cholesterol crystals, alveolar fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and alveolar emphysema. Immunohistochemical results of Nano-ITO exposed rats showed strong positive for nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and nuclear factor Kappa B inhibitory factor kinase (IKK-β) and weak positive for nuclear factor κB inhibitory protein α (IκB-α) in the nuclei of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells. Compared with blank control group, saline control group and NAC control group, the level of total protein (TP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats in Nano-ITO group was significantly increased ( P<0.05), and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly increased ( P<0.05), the levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were significantly increased ( P<0.05), and the levels of NF-κB p65, IKK-β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung tissue were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with Nano-ITO group, the levels of TP, T-AOC, MDA and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats in NAC intervention group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the levels of NF-κB p65 and ROS in lung tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Western blot results showed that compared with the control groups, the protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and IKK-β in the lung tissue of Nano-ITO group were increased, while the protein expression of IκB-α was decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with Nano-ITO group, the protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and IKK-β in lung tissue of rats in NAC intervention group were decreased, while the protein expression of IκB-α was increased ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:The study demonstrated that Nano-ITO might induce pulmonary toxicity through the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, and NAC could antagonize the pulmonary toxicity of Nano-ITO by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective:The current study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against Indum-tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticle (Nano-ITO) -induced pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in rats, especially via modulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling.Methods:In October 2019, 50 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into five groups (10 rats each) as follows: blank control group, saline control group, NAC control group (200 mg/kg), Nano-ITO group (receiving a repeated intratracheal dose of 6 mg/kg Nano-ITO) and NAC intervention group (pre-treated intraperitoneally with 200 mg/kg NAC 1.5 h before the administration of an intratracheal dose of 6 mg/kg Nano-ITO). The rats were exposed twice a week for 12 weeks. Rats were then euthanized under anesthesia, and their lungs were removed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. The comparison of indicators reflecting oxidative stress and pulmonary inflammation among groups was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni's test. The effect of NAC on Nano-ITO induced NF-κB signaling pathway in rats was analyzed.Results:Histopathological examination of Nano-ITO exposed rats revealed diffuse alveolar damage, including PAP, cholesterol crystals, alveolar fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and alveolar emphysema. Immunohistochemical results of Nano-ITO exposed rats showed strong positive for nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) and nuclear factor Kappa B inhibitory factor kinase (IKK-β) and weak positive for nuclear factor κB inhibitory protein α (IκB-α) in the nuclei of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells. Compared with blank control group, saline control group and NAC control group, the level of total protein (TP) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats in Nano-ITO group was significantly increased ( P<0.05), and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were significantly increased ( P<0.05), the levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were significantly increased ( P<0.05), and the levels of NF-κB p65, IKK-β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung tissue were significantly increased ( P<0.05). Compared with Nano-ITO group, the levels of TP, T-AOC, MDA and TNF-α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of rats in NAC intervention group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05), and the levels of NF-κB p65 and ROS in lung tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Western blot results showed that compared with the control groups, the protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and IKK-β in the lung tissue of Nano-ITO group were increased, while the protein expression of IκB-α was decreased ( P<0.05). Compared with Nano-ITO group, the protein expressions of NF-κB p65 and IKK-β in lung tissue of rats in NAC intervention group were decreased, while the protein expression of IκB-α was increased ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:The study demonstrated that Nano-ITO might induce pulmonary toxicity through the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, and NAC could antagonize the pulmonary toxicity of Nano-ITO by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.

The call of the times to"promote education informatization towards a new journey"has posed new challenges to edu-cation,and the education industry should be committed to modernizing education through education informatization.In recent years,online teaching has become the norm.In this context,our teaching team introduced short video teaching into teaching innovation to spread Animal Immunology knowledge.Animation and ideological and political elements were integrated into each video,making knowledge points from"abstract"to"concrete",which stimulated students'interest in learning and cultivate the quality of rigorous scholarship and moral cultivation.The short video comment area has become a medium for interaction between teachers and students.The real-time feedback of the data platform provides a reference for the optimization and design of teaching content.The short video teaching practice effectively solves the"pain points"in traditional teaching and makes the obscure animal immunology knowledge more understandable.Students have increased their interest in learning,using fragmented time to actively acquire knowledge,achieving the effect of improving the teaching quality of animal immunology through online teaching resources.

The stenosis and embolization of internal fistula vessels directly affect the clinical treatment effect of maintenance hemodialysis patients, and the study of the mechanism of internal fistula stenosis has become a research hotspot in recent years. Previous studies mainly focused on the hemodynamics and pathophysiology of blood vessel wall, and there were few studies on molecular biology and its related signaling pathways. This paper reviews the hemodynamics of the vascular pathway of internal arteriovenous fistula (AVF), the pathophysiological mechanism, molecular biology, and changes in various signaling pathways of AVF dysfunction at home and abroad, in order to provide references for the study of AVF dysfunction.

This study aims to establish a rat model of renal ischemia reperfusion injury (RIRI) to observe the alterations in the expression of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway following various exosome treatments. Additionally, differential miRNA expression analysis will be conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of exosomes derived from ischemic preconditioned (IPC) renal tubular cells in mitigating RIRI in rats. Initially, ten SD rats were subjected to bilateral nephrectomy under general anesthesia to prepare primary renal tubular cells. The second-generation renal tubular cells were then subjected to the following treatments for 12 hours: normoxia (38% O 2, 5% CO 2), hypoxia (1% O 2, 5% CO 2), and hypoxia plus inactivation (heated at 65 ℃ for 30 minutes). Following these treatments, exosomes were extracted, yielding normoxic exosomes, IPC exosomes, and inactivated exosomes, respectively. A subsequent cohort of 50 SD rats was randomly divided into five groups: Sham group, RIRI group, RIRI + normoxic exosome group (NC group), RIRI + IPC exosome group (IPC group), and RIRI + inactivated exosome group (INA group). RIRI model was established in the latter four groups. Twenty-four hours after RIRI modeling, the NC, IPC, and INA groups received intravenous injections of 200 μg of normoxic exosomes, IPC exosomes, and inactivated exosomes via the tail vein, respectively. Six days later, venous blood samples were collected, and both kidneys were excised to observe renal function, histopathological changes in kidney tissue, and alterations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway among the five groups. Furthermore, differential miRNA expression analysis [ P<0.05, |log 2(Fold Change)|≥1] was conducted between the NC and IPC groups to investigate the changes in the miRNA expression profile. Subsequently, GO analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed. The results revealed that: (1) Compared with the Sham group, the RIRI and INA groups exhibited elevated levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen (all P<0.01). Histopathological examination of kidney tissues showed substantial inflammatory cell infiltration in the interstitium accompanied by varying degrees of edema, degenerative swelling of tubular structures, necrosis, and detachment of tubular epithelial cells. Notably, the number of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly increased, while the number of Ki67-stained positive cells was markedly decreased. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in RIRI group and INA group were down-regulated. (2) Compared to the NC group, the IPC group demonstrated lower levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen (both P<0.01). Notably, there was a significant decrease in the accumulation of inflammatory cells in the renal interstitium, and tissue edema was markedly improved. Moreover, the number of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced, while the number of Ki67-stained positive cells was significantly increased. Additionally, the mRNA and protein expressions of PI3K, PDK1, AKT, and mTOR were all up-regulated (all P<0.05). (3) Compared to the NC group, 56 miRNAs were up-regulated and 42 miRNAs were down-regulated in the IPC group. The target genes of GO enrichment analysis were PIK3C2A, PIK3CA, PIK3CB, PIK3CD, PIK3C2G, AKT1, mTOR, Rheb, and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in PI3K/AKT signal pathway and mTOR signal pathway. In conclusion, this study reveals that during the course of RIRI, exosomes derived from IPC renal tubular cells induce differential miRNA expression in kidney tissues, resulting in enhanced expression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which plays a pivotal role in mitigating RIRI in rats.

Objective:To observe the proteomic changes in vitreous fluid samples from patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment combined with choroidal detachment (RRDCD).Methods:A prospective cross-sectional clinical study. Vitreous fluid samples were collected from 35 patients with RRDCD (RRDCD group) and 40 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD group) who were diagnosed at Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital between November 2021 and December 2023. Prior to vitrectomy, 0.3-0.5 ml of vitreous fluid was collected from the affected eyes. Differentially expressed proteins were analyzed using Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA). Three of these proteins were randomly selected for validation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Bioinformatics analyses, including gene ontology functional enrichment and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment, were performed to explore the functions of the differentially expressed proteins.Results:Significant differences were observed between the RRDCD and RRD groups in intraocular pressure ( t=-12.795), the number of retinal tears ( t=4.601), the extent of retinal detachment ( χ2=39.642), axial length ( t=0.840), postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy incidence ( χ2=4.730), single-surgery reattachment rate ( χ2=7.717), and best-corrected visual acuity ( t=7.033) at 6 months postoperatively ( P<0.05). A total of 237 differentially expressed proteins were identified between the RRDCD and RRD groups, with 63 upregulated and 174 downregulated. These proteins were involved in pathways such as extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, complement activation, coagulation, and lysosomal pathways. ELISA validation results showed that the expression trends of the three selected proteins in the RRDCD and RRD groups were consistent with the DIA proteomic analysis. Compared to the RRD group, proteins such as fibrin, coagulation factors, cathepsins, and trypsin inhibitors were significantly upregulated in the RRDCD group. Conclusions:The protein expression profile in vitreous fluid samples from RRDCD patients show significant alterations compared to the RRD group. These differential changes suggest that RRDCD is closely associated with complement and coagulation cascade activation, lysosomal pathways, and extracellular matrix remodeling.

Objective To study the hypoglycemic effect of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides on type 2 diabetic mice and its effects on intestinal flora and pathological structure of small intestine. Methods Fifty male mice were used, except 10 were fed normally, the others were fed with high-fat and high-sugar diet for 6 weeks, and then injected with streptozotocin intraperitoneally to make type 2 diabetes mice model. After successful modeling, they were randomly divided into model group and Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (500, 250, 125 mg/kg) group and the model group mice were given normal saline. The changes of bodyweight and blood glucose of mice in each group were recorded. After 4 weeks, feces were collected and sequenced by a 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and the pathological changes of small intestine were observed by HE staining. Results In diabetic mice, the weight decreased. After given Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides, the weight of mice increased by 14.24%,11.97% and 8.78%, and the blood glucose decreased by 26.6%, 22.3% and 13.3%, respectively after high, medium and low doses of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides were administered. In addition, the pathological disorder and swelling of intestinal histopathology were improved. There were significant differences in intestinal microorganisms between the model group and the Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides. Verrucomicrobiae in the model group increased significantly, while the microorganism abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the healthy group and Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides group was higher. Conclusion Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides has a significant hypoglycemic effect on diabetic mice and a certain protective effect on their intestines, the mechanism may be achieved by increasing the richness of beneficial bacteria and improving the immune function of mice, it’s in a certain dose-effect relationship, and its immune function needs further study.

Objective:To study the clinical effect of vacuum sealing drainage in the treatment of chronic traumatic subcutaneous hematoma.Methods:Patients of chronic traumatic subcutaneous hematoma who were admitted to the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of Jiaozhou Central Hospital of Qingdao from June 2018 to June 2021 were included and randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group according to the random number table method. The subcutaneous hematoma was incised for debridement, and the blood clots, exudates, necrotic tissues, and pseudosynovium in the cavity were removed. The control group was treated with vaseline oil gauze filling drainage and dressing change method, and the experimental group was treated with vacuum sealing drainage and dressing change method. During the treatment, the closing time of subcutaneous hematoma cavity was observed and compared between the two groups.Results:A total of 42 patients with chronic traumatic subcutaneous hematoma were enrolled, 21 in the control group and 21 in the experimental group, including 11 males and 10 females in the control group, aged (46.2±12.4) years; 13 males and 8 females in the experimental group, aged (44.3±10.6) years. After treatment, all the subcutaneous hematoma spaces were closed in the 42 patients. The closing time of subcutaneous hematoma cavity in the experimental group was (15.52±1.69) days, which was significantly shorter than that in the control group (24.14±2.57) days. There was a significant difference between the two groups ( P<0.01). Conclusions:After incision and debridement of chronic traumatic subcutaneous hematoma, vacuum sealing drainage and dressing change can actively and fully drain the exudate in the cavity, residual blood clots, necrotic tissues, and pseudosynovium, promote the growth of new granulation tissue, which is more conducive to the closure of the cavity of subcutaneous hematoma, and shorten the clinical treatment cycle.

Objective:To study the clinical effect of vacuum sealing drainage in the treatment of chronic traumatic subcutaneous hematoma.Methods:Patients of chronic traumatic subcutaneous hematoma who were admitted to the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of Jiaozhou Central Hospital of Qingdao from June 2018 to June 2021 were included and randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group according to the random number table method. The subcutaneous hematoma was incised for debridement, and the blood clots, exudates, necrotic tissues, and pseudosynovium in the cavity were removed. The control group was treated with vaseline oil gauze filling drainage and dressing change method, and the experimental group was treated with vacuum sealing drainage and dressing change method. During the treatment, the closing time of subcutaneous hematoma cavity was observed and compared between the two groups.Results:A total of 42 patients with chronic traumatic subcutaneous hematoma were enrolled, 21 in the control group and 21 in the experimental group, including 11 males and 10 females in the control group, aged (46.2±12.4) years; 13 males and 8 females in the experimental group, aged (44.3±10.6) years. After treatment, all the subcutaneous hematoma spaces were closed in the 42 patients. The closing time of subcutaneous hematoma cavity in the experimental group was (15.52±1.69) days, which was significantly shorter than that in the control group (24.14±2.57) days. There was a significant difference between the two groups ( P<0.01). Conclusions:After incision and debridement of chronic traumatic subcutaneous hematoma, vacuum sealing drainage and dressing change can actively and fully drain the exudate in the cavity, residual blood clots, necrotic tissues, and pseudosynovium, promote the growth of new granulation tissue, which is more conducive to the closure of the cavity of subcutaneous hematoma, and shorten the clinical treatment cycle.

Objective:Clamping bilateral renal arteries with refined surgical methods to establish the rat renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) model, and study the protective mechanism of ischemic preconditioning renal (IPC) tubular cell-derived exosomes in RIRI.Methods:25 female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into sham group, model group, inactivated group, normoxic group, IPC group. In the sham operation group, after bilateral renal arteries were dissociated, the back incision was disinfected and closed. The model group established RIRI model; RIRI models were established in inactivated group, normoxia group and IPC group, and then 200 μg of inactivated exosomes, normal exosomes and IPC exosomes were injected into the caudal vein 24 hours after operation. Serum creatinine (Scr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were detected. The pathological changes of renal tissue were observed under light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the shape and size of renal tubular exosomes. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)was used to detect the concentration and size of renal tubular exosomes.Results:Compared with the sham group, the Scr and BUN levels in the model group were significantly elevated ( P<0.01). Renal pathological changes in the model group showed damaged of the tubular structure, necrosis and shedding of tubular epithelial cells, and a large number of inflammatory cells accumulated in the renal interstitial tissue with varying degrees of edema. Compared with the inactivated group, the Scr and BUN levels significantly decreased in the normoxic group and IPC group ( P<0.01). Renal pathological changes in the normoxic group and IPC group showed that the renal tubular cell necrosis alleviated, inflammatory was reduced, the improved edema. Compared with the normoxic group, the Scr and BUN levels in the IPC group were further reduced ( P<0.01). Renal pathological changes in the IPC group showed that the inflammatory cells were significantly reduced, the cell edema was significantly improved, and the cell apoptosis was significantly reduced. Conclusions:Clamping bilateral renal arteries with refined surgical methods is the main and optimal way to build a rat model of RIRI. IPC tubular cell-derived exosomes have protective and repair effects on RIRI.