Anticoagulants is the drugs which prevent blood clotting process by affecting coagulation factor.They can be used for prevention of thromboembolic disease and stroke.As we stand on the threshold of a new era of anticoagulants,it is time to take an overview of the different types of anticoagulants and how to use them in the management of some specific conditions,including pregnancy,renal impairment,heparininduced thrombocytopenia and cancer.

Objective To study the characteristics of inhibition on hemozoin formation by chloroquine under in vitro condition.Methods Under different concentrations(0.5-2 mol/L) of sodium acetate(NaAc) and at the pH range of 4.0-5.0, chloroquine was tested for inhibition of ?-hematin(hemozion) formation by using the HPIA(heme polymerization inhibitory activity) assay.The morphology of ?-hematin crystals was determined by light microscopy.Ultraviolet spectrophotometry was employed to measure ?-hematin content, and the size of ?-hematin crystal was analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD) .Results Chloroquine exhibited varied effect on ?-hematin formation, depending on pH value and Na+ concentration.When the NaAc concentration increased from 0.5 mol/L(pH 4.2) to 2 mol/L(pH 4.8), the chloroquine inhibitory effect also increased.Results suggested that there exists a threshold pH, below which the ?-hematin formation escalates and chloroquine inhibition declines, and at or above which chloroquine exerts a stronger inhibitory effect on ?-hematin formation.With the increase of pH from 4.4 to 4.8, the crystallinity and the size of crystal changed from 6.93% and 357  to 6.32% and 264 , respectively.When pH reached to 5, no more ?-hematin formed.Chloroquine could reduce the crystallinity and crystal size of ?-hematin at same pH value.Morphology analysis on the samples was consistent with the above results.Conclusion Chloroquine inhibits hemozoin formation only when the pH value is at or above threshold pH.

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) is a rela-tively rare inherited metabolic disease. However, its relative rarity implies that no metabolic centre has experience of large numbers of patients and experience with long-term manage-ment is limited. In addition, there is wide variation in meth-ods of medical treatment. With the development of medical care, life-expectancy in glycogen storage disease (GSD) has improved considerably. With ageing liver adenoma may de-velop which will bring about several complications-compres-sion, hemorrhage, or even transformation into carcinomas-and needs immediate intervention. In this paper, reviews for the mechanism and surgical intervention of GSD are presented.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the corresponding influence on pulmonary embolism incidence between immobilization and exercise in different stage of thrombus after acute deep vein thrombosis in rabbits.

METHODSForty-eight New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups depending on the different organized stage of thrombus: the early, medium and later stage group.Each group was subdivided into two sub groups: the immobile and mobile subgroup. Rabbit modeling of deep vein thrombosis was made by ligating the right femoral vein. Among the early-stage group, rabbits of the immobile subgroup were fixed for 3 days, while that of the mobile subgroup were free to move for 3 days, then each was euthanized to extract the lungs for pathological examination. Among the medium-stage group, each of the immobile subgroup were fixed for 7 days, while the mobile subgroup ones were fixed for 3 days, then released free-moving for 4 days following the pathological extraction. Among the later-stage group, animals in the immobile subgroup were fixed for 14 days comparing the mobile subgroup fixed for 7 days and next free-moving for 7 days, then each was euthanized.

RESULTSAmong the early-stage group, pulmonary embolism incidence (PEI) of the immobile and mobile subgroup was 4/8 vs.3/8, the pulmonary lobe embolism incidence (PLEI) was 17.5% (7/40) vs. 15.0% (6/40). Among the medium-stage group, PEI of the immobile and mobile subgroup was 3/8 vs. 2/8, PLEI was 37.5% (7/40) vs. 25.0% (10/40). Among the later-stage group, PEI of the immobile and mobile subgroup was 3/8 vs. 3/8, PLEI was 12.5% (5/40) vs. 15.0% (6/40). There was no statistical difference between immobilization subgroup and mobilization subgroup among different stage group.

CONCLUSIONOn the premise of given anticoagulation treatment, early ambulation do not significantly increase pulmonary embolism incidence after acute deep vein thrombosis of lower extremity in rabbits.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Immobilization ; Lung ; pathology ; Motor Activity ; Pulmonary Embolism ; etiology ; Rabbits ; Time Factors ; Venous Thrombosis ; complications

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of bergapten in the treatment of liver fibrosis and its mechanism based on serum metabolomics. METHODS Forty mice were divided into normal control group （0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution）， model group （0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium solution）， and BP low-dose and high-dose groups （50， 100 mg/kg）， with 10 mice in each group. Except for the normal control group， the other three groups were all treated with carbon tetrachloride to induce liver fibrosis model； they were given relevant medicine/solution intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 8 weeks. After the last medication， the levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） in serum were detected， and liver pathological changes were observed； the expressions of α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） and Collagen Ⅰ were detected in liver tissue； the serum of the mice was collected for metabolomics analysis. RESULTS Compared with the model group， serum levels of ALT and AST and protein expressions of α-SMA and Collagen Ⅰ in liver tissue were decreased significantly in BP high-dose and low-dose groups （P＜0.05）， while liver fibrosis was improved significantly. Meanwhile， metabolomics analyses showed that there were a total of 175 serum differential metabolites in the BP high-dose group and model group， of which 18 substances were upregulated and 157 substances were downregulated； the main metabolic pathways involved in bergapten intervention were pyrimidine metabolism， butanoate metabolism， fatty acid synthesis， tyrosine metabolism， β-alanine metabolism， nicotinic acid and nicotinamide metabolism， glutathione metabolism， etc. CONCLUSIONS BP is effective in the treatment of liver fibrosis by regulating pyrimidine metabolism， butanoate metabolism， glutathione metabolism and so on in rats with liver fibrosis.

ObjectiveTo explore the recognition of oral breath odor map of chronic atrophic gastritis （CAG） patients with dampness-heat syndrome by electronic nose technique. MethodsPatients with chronic gastritis were recruited， including 60 cases in CAG group of dampness-heat syndrome， 50 cases in CAG group of non-dampness-heat syndrome， 60 cases in chronic non-atrophic gastritis （CNAG） group of dampness-heat syndrome， 50 cases in CNAG group of non-dampness-heat syndrome， and 30 cases of healthy volunteers were selected to set up the health control group. Ten cases in the CAG dampness-heat group and 50 cases in the CAG non-dampness-heat group were selected to form the CAG group， and 10 cases in CNAG dampness-heat group and 50 cases in CNAG non-dampness-heat group were selected to form the CNAG group. In addition to the health control group， the remaining patients were tested for Helicobacter pylori （Hp）； the electronic nose （GISXM-MQWA01） was used to collect the oral breath odor of all the participants to draw the mapping， and amplitudes and slopes of each curve （including curves A， B， C， D， E， F， G， H， I， J） of the oral odor mapping of health control group， CAG group， CNAG group， CAG dampness-heat group， CAG non-dampness-heat group， and CNAG dampness-heat group was compared. The modified transformer model was used to classify the odor mapping characteristics， and the confusion matrix method was used to evaluate the classification model， with metrics including accuracy and area under ROC curve （AUC）. ResultsThe Hp positivity rate in CAG dampness-heat group was 80.00% （48/60）， CAG non-dampness-heat group was 62.00% （31/50）， CNAG dampness-heat group was 46.67% （28/60）， and CNAG non-dampness-heat group was 42.00% （21/50）； the difference in Hp positivity rate between CAG dampness-heat group and CAG non-dampness-heat group was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. The amplitudes of response curves A， B， C， D， F， G， and I， and slopes of A and F in the odor mapping of the CAG group were lower than those in health control group， while the amplitude and slope of curve E were higher than those in the health control group and CNAG group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； The amplitude of the response curves A， B， C， D， F， G， and I， and slopes of A， D， and F in the CNAG group were lower than those in the health control group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The amplitude of response curve D and slope of response curve J in the odor mapping of the CAG dampness-heat group were higher than those in CNAG dampness-heat group， the amplitude of curve F was lower than that in CAG non-dampness-heat group， and the amplitude of curve H and slopes of curve A， H， and J were higher than those in CAG non-dampness-heat group （P＜0.05）. The recognition accuracy of CAG group and health control group reached 77.78%， AUC = 0.88； the recognition accuracy of CAG group and CNAG group was 69.44%， AUC = 0.61； the recognition accuracy of CAG dampness-heat group and CAG non-dampness-heat group reached 75.8%， AUC=0.70. ConclusionElectronic nose technology can make a more accurate identification of the oral breath odor in CAG patients with dampness-heat syndrome， with a decrease in the amplitude of the curve F and an increase in the amplitude of the curve H and in the slopes of the curves A， H， and J may as the characteristics of their odor mapping.