Objective To investigate the characteristics and risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly patients with cerebral infarction.Methods A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the population of Jiang'an Town,Rugao,Jiangsu Province from November 13,2014 to December 21,2014.The samples from the Rugao longitudinal study of aging included 1 788 individuals from 31 villages aged from 70 to 84 years.They were all Han nationality,including 830 males and 958 females.History of cerebral infarction was identified according to the neurological diagnosis confirmed by the secondary hospital and above or brain CT.The modified Kyohko Hasegawa dementia scale was used to evaluate the cognitive function.Five dimensions (orientation,memory,near memory,computing power,and common sense) of this population were assessed.The total score >21.5 was non-cognitive impairment and ≤21.5 was cognitive impairment.Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly patients with cerebral infarction.Results (1) In the 1 788 subjects,133 had cerebral infarction (7.4%),and 1 655 did not have cerebral infarction.The proportion of hypertension in patients with cerebral infarction was higher than that without cerebral infarction (63.9% [n=85] vs.41.7% [n=690]).The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was lower than that of the non-cerebral infarction group (1.40±0.29 mmol/L vs.1.47±0.33 mmol/L).There was statistically significant difference (all P<0.05).(2) The patients with cerebral infarction were partially impaired in orientation and computational power,and the overall cognitive function score was 20±7,which was significantly lower than patients with non-cerebral infarction (21±6).The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05).(3) In 133 patients with cerebral infarction,76 had cognitive impairment,the incidence was 57.1%,and 59 of them were women.The average value of serum creatinine in patients with cognitive impairment was 59±15 μmol/L,which was significantly lower than those with non-cognitive impairment (66±14 μmol/L).There was significant difference (P<0.05).(4) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the education level below primary school (OR,2.86,95%CI 2.19-3.72) and female (OR,1.85,95%CI 1.50-2.28) were the independent risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly patients with cerebral infarction.High serum creatinine concentration (OR,0.96,95%CI 0.95-0.97) was a protective factor for it.Conclusion The cognitive function of the elderly was decreased after cerebral infarction,especially in the aspect of orientation and calculation.The education level below primary school and women were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment,and high serum creatinine concentration had a certain protective effect.

BACKGROUNDTo investigate the relationship between immune status and rubella virus (RV) infection of central nervous system (CNS).

METHODSBALB/c mice were given dexamethaxone and cytoxan before RV JR23 strain infection. Immune functions and RV invasion to CNS were assayed at 21 days postinfection via abdominal cavity and their relationship was analyzed.

RESULTST cell functions of cytoxan group were obviously worse than those of other groups (P <0.05) by MTT method. Infection rates of dexamethaxone and cytoxan and the group without any intervention were 60%, 90% and 50% (P >0.05), respectively. Cellular immune functions of the mice with CNS infection were obviously worse than those of the mice without CNS infection (P <0.001). Specific antibodies (Ab) were assayed in all groups with ELISA and the results showed that there were no significant differences among groups (P >0.05), neither between the groups with and without CNS infections.

CONCLUSIONSRV infection of CNS may relate to cellular immune status before specific antibody was produced in the body.

Animals ; Antibody Specificity ; Central Nervous System Infections ; immunology ; virology ; Female ; Immunity, Cellular ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Rubella ; immunology ; Rubella virus ; immunology ; T-Lymphocytes ; immunology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the needlestick injuries in student nurses during nine months of in-ternship in our hospital, and reveal the high-risk periods, risk procedures, and influencing factors for needlestick injuries, and explore the prevention approaches.

METHODSThree hundred and fifty student nurses who interned at our hospital from April to December 2014 and from July 2014 to March 2015 were surveyed using self-de-signed questionnaires. Three hundred and forty questionnaires were recovered and 334 out of them were valid. Data were collected and questionnaires were analyzed.

RESULTSThe incidence of needlestick injuries was 60.8%; the incidence of needlestick injuries was substantially higher at the early stage than at the late stage of the internship, and higher in the day shift than in the night shift. Moreover, the incidence of needlestick injuries was the highest during the removal of a syringe or infusion needle, accounting for 24.3% of the total incidence. Some other significant factors for needlestick injuries in student nurses included education level, reports on oc-cupational exposure, constant update of nursing knowledge, regular hematological examination, and relevant training experiences. According to 61.7% of student nurses, clinical operations were affected due to underlying concern about needlestick injuries.

CONCLUSIONMore attention should be paid to high incidence of needlestick injuries in student nurses, especially at the early stage of their internship. To reduce the incidence of needlestick injuries, education on occupational protection should be given to student nurses in advance, and the pre-job training should be enhanced.

Accidents, Occupational ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Incidence ; Internship and Residency ; Needles ; Needlestick Injuries ; epidemiology ; Nurses ; Risk ; Students ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To evaluate the effect of using"metronome"to guide chest compression in the new nurse training of cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR). Methods From 2015 to 2016,385 new nurses were enrolled and randomly by random number table divided into four groups based on Solomon four-group design:control group 1(96 nurses),sudy group 1(89 nurses),control group 2(104 nurses) and study group 2(96 nurses),Control group 1 and control group 2 accepted normal training plus "chest compressions operation formula" training,study group 1 and study group 2 got "metronome" guiding based on the frequency training.Control group 1 and study group 1 took a baseline test before the training started,while control group 2 and study group 2 didn't.Four groups took part in an operational test after the seven days of training. Results There was no statistical difference between the baseline test scores of control group 1 and study group 1(P>0.05).After the training,the score of study group 1 was 93.4±3.5, which was significantly higher than 91.6 ± 4.7 of control group 1(t=-2.870, P<0.01).Through covariance analysis,after removing the impact of the baseline test score,the score of study group was statistically significant higher than that of control group 1 (F=7.33, P=0.007).Furthermore,there was no statistically significant interaction between the baseline test score and training method (P>0.05).Meanwhile,after training,study group 2 scores was 93.5±3.5,which was statistically higher than 92.1±4.0 of control group 2(t=2.670,P=0.008).Control group 1 were combined with control 2 to form control group,as well as study group 1 with study group 2 to form study group.A comparison between these two new groups indicates that the new study group surpasses the new control group with lower error frequencies in the position,depth and frequency of external cardiac compression (t=4.701 8, 12.488 9, 11.993 9, P<0.05).In addition,the study group also showed a better performance, when taking into consideration of the region and skills of compression and the observation of complexion,while there was no statistical difference between the error frequencies in these three aspects of these two new groups(P>0.05). Conclusions In the CPR training of new nurses,using a 100 times/min"metronome"can help new nurses grasp the accurate compression rates and depth, improve the overall quality of this procedure,making it a simple and effective training method,which is worthy of popularization.

Objective To investigate the effects of glucocorticoid combined with spleen aminopeptide on immune function and pulmonary function in children with combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS).Methods A total of 166 cases of CARAS were divided into observation group (84 cases) and control group (82 cases),the patients in the control group were treated by nasal inhalation of Budesonide Aerosol,in addition to the treatment of control group the observation group was given spleen aminopeptide oral lyophilized powder for treatment,and two groups were treated continuously for 3 months.The effect of 2 groups of children,and the changes of immune and lung function before and after treatment were compared.Results Rhinitis and asthma were significantly reduced in two groups of children after treatment,and the reductions of the score of rhinitis symptoms and the asthma score in the observation group were more significant than those in the control group(P＜0.05).The humoral immunity index (IgG,IgM and IgA) of the 2 groups increased significantly after treatment.CD3+,CD4+ and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ in the cellular immune indexes increased significantly,and CD8+ decreased significantly.The immune indexes in the observation group were significantly improved compared with those in the control group (P＜0.05).After treatment,the forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1) and maximal expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of the 2 groups increased significantly compared with those before treatment,and the degree of increase in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P＜0.01).Conclusion Glucocorticoid combined with spleen aminopeptide could not only improve the symptoms and signs of children with CARAS,but also significantly enhance cellular immunity,humoral immunity and pulmonary function.

Objective To explore the influencing factors for the smoking cessation attempts in male current smokers.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in nine villages selected from three counties (Pingyin,Junan and Liangshan) of Shandong province in August,2010 through household questionnaire survey in villagers aged ≥ 15 years to collect the information about current smokers demographic characteristics and smoking-related behaviors.A hurdle count data model was used to assess factors associated with the times of past smoking cessation attempts.Results Among 1 798 male current smokers,29.53％ had at least one smoking cessation attempt.Smokers who were married (3=0.705,P=0.002),had high educational level (β=0.214,P=0.026) and had higher level of awareness of smoking risks (β=0.237,P=0.009) were more likely to have smoking cessation attempt.Young age at smoking initiation (3 =-0.167,P=0.035) and higher level of awareness of smoking risks (β =0.146,P=0.020) were associated with increased smoking cessation attempts.Conclusions Less male current smokers had smoking cessation attemps in rural area in Shandong.The factors influencing smoking cessation attempt varied.It is necessary to conduct targeted intervention according to the smokers' smoking cessation experience.

Objective To study the intention on quitting smoking and related factors,so as to provide evidence on related important determinants.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 villages in Shandong,China.A total of 1 287 male daily smokers were interviewed,face-to-face.Multiple logistic regression method was used to assess the factors associated with quitting intention among male daily smokers.Dominance analysis was used to assess the relative contribution of determinants on quitting intention which were identified in the multiple logistic regression model.Results Among 1 287 male daily smokers,24.7％ expressed quitting intention within the next 6 months.Four determinants for quitting intention were identified in the multiple logistic regression model,including previous experience of quitting attempt (OR=1.691,95％ CI:1.458-1.962),lower level of smoking intensity (OR=0.751,95％CI:0.639-0.884),extensive knowledge on specific health effects of smoking (OR=1.038,95％CI:1.001-1.077) and presence of chronic disease (OR=1.765,95％CI:1.013-3.075).Results from the dominance analysis showed that ‘previous quitting attempt experience’ was the most important determinant regarding quitting intention,followed by low smoking intensity,knowledge of the specific health effects of smoking,and the presence of chronic disease.Conclusion The rate of quitting intention on cigarette smoking among rural male smokers remained low.Quitting intention was associated with previous quit attempt experience.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in 2012 and 2014,and to explore the preventive effect of the second dose of mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) in mumps in Shandong province.Methods On the basis of certain model assumptions,a Space State model was formulated.Iterated Filter was applied to the epidemic model to estimate the parameters.Results The basic reproduction number (R0) for children in schools was 4.49 (95％ CI:4.30-4.67)and 2.50 (95％CI:2.38-2.61) respectively for the year of 2012 and 2014.Conclusions Space State model seems suitable for mumps prevalence description.The policy of 2-dose MuCV can effectively reduce the number of total patients.Children in schools are the key to reduce the mumps.

Objective:To investigate the expression of forkhead box protein O3(FOXO3) in pancreatic cancer and its effect on the motility and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells.Methods:The FOXO3 expression in pancreatic cancer and adjacent tissues was retrieved from LinkedOmics database. Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to detect FOXO3 expression in pancreatic cancer cells and human pancreatic stellate cells. PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells with low FOXO3 expression were selected to transfect FOXO3 overexpression plasmid and negative control plasmid, respectively. The motility and proliferation ability of pancreatic cancer cells were detected by colony formation assay, cell scratch assay, Transwell assay and flow cytometry.Results:In the LinkedOmics database, the relative expression of FOXO3 protein in the cancer tissues of 64 patients with pancreatic cancer was significantly lower than that in the adjacent tissues ( t=8.36, P<0.001). The number of clones in PANC-1 cell line was (30.0±6.6) after overexpressed FOXO3, which was lower than that in negative control cells (92.7±6.7), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=11.54, P<0.001). After overexpressed FOXO3 in PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 cell lines, the scratch repair rate was significantly decreased compared with the control group. In Transwell experiment, the number of cells in FOXO3 overexpressed group in PANC-1 cell lines was (21.0±6.6), which was lower than that of negative control groups (55.7±8.5), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=5.59, P=0.005). The results of MIAPaCa-2 cell line were consistent with that of PANC-1 cell line. After overexpressing of FOXO3 in PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 cell lines, the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase decreased, while the proportion in the S phase increased. Conclusion:The expression of FOXO3 was decreased in pancreatic cancer. Overexpression of FOXO3 could significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells and induce cell cycle arrest, which is a potential target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.