Progress in Cocaine toxicology research,especially in i ts toxicological mechanisms on the central nervous and cardiac-cerebral vascular systems, was reviewed in the last 5 years.The main problems with the current resear ch work and the future research direction were pointed out.

Objective To investigate the postmortem redistribution of Avermectin in acute poisoning death of rabitts. Methods According to the minimum lethal dose intragastric of 250mg/kg avermectin, the avermectin contents in the heart blood and major organs and tissues of the rabitts after death of 0h~72h were assayed by HPLC method. Results Determination of clinical death time was 120.6±9.2min(x±s, n=10)by intragastric 250mg/kg avermectin to the rabitts; Lethal blood concentrations and lethal tissue concentrations of Avermectin were determined; Presence of postmortem redistribution of avermectin contents in the heart blood and major organs and tissues of the rabitts after death of 0h~72h were proved; Determination of the liver, kidney and lung were the best tissue samples for toxicological anaysis. Conclusion The data of Avermectin postmortem redistribution in the rabbits have important reference value for the forensic management of such cases.

To assay the quantity of the brucine ingredient in gastric content and hepatic tissues from the patient died of Semen Strychni hainanensi accumulative posioning.With standard brucine and the crude powder of the Semen Strychni hainanensi as control,the brucine ingredients in the above tissues were quantitatively scanned by the capillary elecrophoretic apparatus within the wave length ranging 190～600nm.The contents of the brucine ingredients in the gastric,hepatic tissues and the crude powder of the Semen Strychni sainanensi were 5 83mg/100ml,4 92mg/100g,and 3 07%(w/w)respectively.The high level of the brucine ingredients in the gastric content and the hepatic tissue is the cause of death.

Objective To search some references for estimating the time of death in some murder cases by observation the dynamic changes of organic amines derived from isolated human hepatic tissues. Method The contents of histamines, putrescines, cadaverines and undecomposed amino acids from the isolated human hepatic ussues were assayed dynamically by the method of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The contents of the organic amines produced by the putrefaction under 8℃,15℃ , 23℃ and 32℃ were increased along with the time elapsed after death under four environmental temperatures before attaining to their peak value, While the contents of the undecomposed amino acids were decreased gradually after death. Conclusion The amount of organic amines produced by putrefaction of the isolated human hepatic tissues were directly related to the time of death. So do the environmental temperature.

Objective To investigate the expression level of tryptase, chymase, IL-4 and IL-10 in guinea pigs died from anaphylactic death caused by penicillin allergy within 48 hours. Methods Guinea pigs were sensitized and elicited by penicilloyl-protein, the blood and tissues were extracted within 48 hours after the death. The expression of tryptase and chymase in tracheas and lungs were detected by the ways of immunohistochemistry, IL-4 and IL-10 levels in serum, tracheas and lungs were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with the control group, the expression of tryptase and chymase has enhanced in lungs and tracheas, the level of IL-4 and IL-10 increased in serum, lungs and tracheas in experimental groups(P<0.05). Conclusion Tryptase, chymase, IL-4 and IL-10 have significant value in the identification of the deaths caused by penicillin allergy.

This paper reviewed the classification of hemp,distinction between industrial hemp and marijuana hemp,and the use value of industrial hemp.Some research problems and future research trends were also discussed.

Objective To examine the effect of Caffeine on the cultured cortical neuron apoptosis in neonatal rats.Methods The primary cerebral cortex neurons for cultures were obtained from neonatal mice 2-3 days after birth,Caffeine reconstituted at final concentrations 300μmol/L and 1 000μmol/L was added to the cell cultures and continuously co-incubated for 6-36 h,respectively after the cortical neurons were continuously cultivated 7 days after incubation under temperature of 37℃ incubator with 5% CO_2 and 100% relative humidity,the intracellular calcium concentration,mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis rate were determined by the flow cytometry.The activity of Caspase-9 was assayed by enzyme-labeled instrument,and Caspase-9 activity by the enzyme-1inked analyzer.Cell morphological changes were observed under electron microscope and fluorescent microscope after being stained with Hoechst 33258 fluorescent dye.Results Compared with the control group,the average increase in intracellular calcium fluorescence intensity was most significant(P<0.05),which elevated from the normal value 43.13±2.02 to 45.28±1.16 and 46.92±1.99,respectively at 6 h;mitochondrial membrane potentials were reduced most significandy(P<0.05).from the base value 443.58 ±11.77 down to 289.53±16.47 and 165.14±14.72,respectively at 8h.Caspase-9 activity was peaked(P<0.05),from the normal value 1.00±0.000 to 5.33±1.02 and 8.33±0.92,respectively at 10 h.The neuronal apoptosis ratio was increased significantly (P<0.05),from the normal value 4.94±1.74 to 15.98±2.03 and 18.70±2.09,at 36h.The apoptotic bodies were observed at 24 h after administration of 300 μmol/L and 1000 μmol/L Caffeine.Conclusion Caffeine may promote neuronal apoptosis in neonate mice.

OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of natrin from Naja naja atra(Chinese cobra)on intracellular free calcium overload,and to discuss the protective effect and the possible mechanism of natrin on myocardium calcium(Ca2+)and potassium(K+)ion channels in the primary cardiomyocytes of SD neonatal rats. METHODS The primary cardiomyocytes of SD neonatal rats were used,which were respectively pretreated with natrin 5,25 and 125 mg · L-1 for 24 h before injury was induced by H2O2 0.3 mmol · L- 1. The dynamic variation of intracellular calcium was monitored by laser confocal microscopy using Fluo-3 as Ca2+fluorescence probe. Additionally,the cardio myocytes of neonatal rats were pretreated for 24 h using different concentrations of natrin 5,25,125 mg · L-1 and verapamil 5 nmol · L-1,followed by exposure to H2O2 0.3 mmol · L-1 for 15 min. Then,the mRNA expressions of calcium channels subunits Cav1.2,Calm,RyR2 and potassium channel Kir6.2 were analyzed by FQ-PCR method. RESULTS Laser confocal microscopy revealed that H2O2 obviously caused calcium overload in cardiomyocytes, giving rise to 49.37% fluorescence increase in intracellular calcium compared with the control group(P<0.01). However,natrin 5,25 and 125 mg·L-1 resulted in 27.52%, 12.71% and 5.15% fluorescence increase in intracellular calcium,respectively,compared with the control group(P<0.01). Moreover, the PCR results showed that the mRNA expressions of Cav1.2, Calm and RyR2 in the myocardial cells treated with H2O2 were increased 2.78,2.26,and 5.34 times as compared with the control group,while Kir6.2 displayed a 1.79-fold expression level(P<0.01). By contrast, the combination of natrin and verapamil significantly decreased the mRNA expression of Cav1.2,Calm and RyR2,compared to the H2O2-treated group(P<0.01). Meanwhile,the expression of Kir6.2 was considerably higher than that of the H2O2-treated group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION Natrin can reduce the intracellular calcium overload of cardiomyocytes induced by H2O2 and shows a protective effect against oxidative damage for cardiomyocytes. The possible mechanism is that natrin can decrease the mRNA expression of Cav1.2,Calm,RyR2 and increase the expression of Kir6.2 of the H2O2-induced cardiomyocytes.

Objective To explore the effects of hand hygiene management on hand washing compliance of staff members and infection rates in Burn Unit.Methods From April 201 5 to October 201 5,40 staffs in Burn Unit received the hand hygiene management intervention,including perfecting facilities of hand hygiene, carrying out propaganda and standardizing the supervision,and so on.The hand washing compliance of staffs and infection rates in burn unit were observed before and after interventions.Results Before interventions,the hand hygiene compliance of doctors,nurses,nursing assistants,cleaning workers were 41 .5%,45.7%, 31 .0%,29.0%,lower than 88.8%,91 .7%,74.9%,68.8% after the interventions,and all staffs improved the compliance of hand hygiene (P <0.01 ).Before and after interventions,the compliance in doctors and nurses was higher than that of caregiver and cleaner (P <0.01 ).The hospital infection rate was reduced from 1 3.2% before interventions to 6.8% after interventions(P <0.05 ).Conclusions To make effective hand hygiene management measures can improve the hand hygiene compliance of staffs in Burn Department and effectively reduce the hospital infection rate.