Objective To observe the ingrowth characteristics of the interface between hydroxyapatite coated intervertebral implants and vertebral cortex loaded with physiological compressive stress. Methods Twelve titanium alloy intervertebral implants special for macaque were prepared, 4 of which were coated with corundum (control group) and 8 of which were coated with hydroxyapatite (HA, observed group). One control and two observed implants were randomly inserted into the intervertebral spaces of L2,3, L3,4 and L4,5 in each of 4 healthy homogenous adult macaques (2 males and 2 females). Roentgenology was performed at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 40 weeks postoperatively. Histomorphometry as well as histology were also evaluated at 40 weeks postoperatively. Results All the animals recovered well from the operation. Three days after operation all the animals began to stand and walk with normal gait. Gross anatomy showed excellent healing in the annulus fibrous involved, and no implant loosening or migration was found. On 40 weeks postoperatively, the interface of the observed group were filled with calcified mature bone and partly-mineralized osteoid tissue, the content of calcified bone as well as the amount of osteoblasts and osteocytes were significantly higher in observed group, and the differences were of statistical significance (t=5.001, P=0.000 and t=16.983, P=0.000). A tight connection was observed between the vertebral bones and HA coating. The thickness of coating decreased form 130-150 ?m to 100-130 ?m. And no evident breakage or debris was found on the implant coating. Conclusion HA coating was stable in vivo and had favorable biocompatibility with vertebral bone. It was more effective than corundum coating in inducing intervertebral cortical bone ingrowth under physical compressive loading.

BACKGROUND: In order to conserve blood and keep the operating field clean, cell saver is often used with electrocautery in hip arthroplasty. When applying the principle of thermal coagulation, electrocautery produces tissue self-burning with noxious gas byproducts, including carbon monoxide(CO). However the existing blood salvage systems do not have any reoxygenation or filtration function for CO.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of simultaneous use of electrocautery and a cell saver system on the blood levels of CO in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty.DESIGN: A comparative observation.SETTING: Department of Orthopedics, Duisburg-Essen University.PARTICIPANTS: From August 2002 to August 2003, patients undergoing hip arthroplasty including the use of electrocautery as well as intended use of a cell saver system were selected from the Department of Orthopedics, Duisburg-Essen University. Exclusive criteria: ① smoking history; ② history of anemia, hemoglobinopathy or coagulopathy; ③history of organ dysfunction, including lung, liver and kidney; ④ preoperative abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), including cardiac ischemia and/or arrhythmia.Among all the enrolled patients, those who ultimately received the retransfusion of processed salvaged blood were counted as the observed group,whereas the others who did not receive any retransfusion for inadequate salvaged volume or possible contamination within salvaging were added as the control group, and no allogenic blood was transfused. All the patients agreed to participate in the study.METHODS: ① All the operations were performed under combined intravenous and inhalation general anesthesia. ② Electrocautery was used for coaluation during the incision of subcutaneous tissues, fascias, muscles as well as capsules. ③ A cell saver system (Haemonetics Cell Saver #5 System, manufactured by Haemonetics Corporation, U.S.A.) was applied during the operation. Salvaged blood were retransfused into the patients after the procedure of filtration and wash. ④ Blood CO-Oximetry: Blood CO levels were measured by carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) concentration with a spectrophotometric blood gas analyzer (ABL 700 series, manufactured by Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark). In both groups, systemic blood samples were collected from a radial arterial catheter at 3 time points, including preoperatively, postoperatively and merely before the retransfusion of salvaged blood and at 6 hours postoperatively. In the observed group, additionally samples were collected instantly after skin incision from the aspirator connected to the cell saver reservoir, directly after femoral stem implantation also from the aspirator and immediately before retransfusion from the collecting sac, to reveal the trend of CO-Hb levels in salvaged blood.MAIN OUTCOMEMEASURES: CO-Hb levels in the systemic blood and salvaged blood at different time points were mainly observed.RESULTS: Totally 49 patients were involved in the analysis of results. ① General data: Forty-nine ASA Ⅰ -Ⅱ patients were enrolled in this study.There were 35 and 14 patients in the observed and control group, respectively, with 7 and 3 had a history of coronary heart diseases (heart function of class Ⅰ - Ⅱ ) correspondingly. There were no obvious differences in the sex, age, mean operative time and mean estimated blood loss between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05). The vital signs were stable in all the patients. ② CO-Hb concentration: In the observed group, the CO-Hb concentration in systemic blood at 6 hours postoperatively was significantly increased as compared with the preoperative and postoperative ones [(2.2±0.54)%,(1.6±0.34)%, (1.7±0.19)%, P ＜ 0.05]; the CO-Hb concentration in salvaged blood was (2.6±0.62)%, which was significantly higher than that in systemic blood preoperatively and postoperatively (P ＜ 0.01). In the control group, the CO-Hb concentration in systemic blood at 6 hours postoperatively had no obvious differences as compared with the preoperative and postoperative ones (P ＞ 0.05). ③ Postoperative conditions: In the observed group, sinus tachycardia and inferior myocardial ischemia were detected by ECG monitoring in 2 patients with pre-existing coronary heart disease,which complained of precardial discomfort at 4-6 hours postoperatively.Higher levels of CO-Hb were detected in salvaged blood before retransfusion (39% and 4.5%) and in systemic blood at 6 hours postoperatively(3.5% and 4.2%). No patient in the control group demonstrated symptoms of CO intoxication or cardiovascular compromise, also no abnormal changes were revealed by ECG monitoring.CONCLUSION: Retransfusion of salvaged blood in hip arthroplasty with simultaneous use of electrocautery and a cell saver system leads to a significant increase of systemic CO-Hb concentration, which can provoke the cardiovascular compromise. Therefore, it is suggested to measure CO-Hb level in salvaged blood, the retransfusion of which should be cautious, especially to patients with pre-existing heart diseases.

This study was aimed to analyze characteristics of Chinese Materia Medica ( CMM ) preparations in order to identify the long-term development direction of this discipline and suggest key questions and strategies to solve the problems. According to the development track of CMM preparation, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) basic theories and modern new drug research techniques were combined with the author's experiences on modernization study of TCM. This article discussed key issues of CMM preparation development direction, characteristics and is-sues need to be solved and their countermeasures. The results showed that the development direction for CMM preparation discipline should entirety unify CMM preparation system. The medical resource should be convenient which include animal, plant and mineral products. The single determinacy (effectiveness, stability and controlled) and compatibility (prediction, optimization and lowest toxin) will be applied in the guidance of CMM preparation system. In order to achieve goals mentioned above, key issues need to be solved are efficiency categories for in-gredients, genetical stabilities and one sampling charge, emigration rules of properties among ingredients, the ki-netic and stable rules of ingredient extraction, controlled rules for integral models or for disorder and torrent, e-valuation rules in vivo and in vitro, microscopic and macroscopic qualities, determinacy for single administration and compatibility for combination applications. It was concluded that the CMM preparation is a series of integral unified effective ingredient preparations that behave the determinacy for single administration and compatibility for combination applications.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic features of ferulaic acid, senkyunolide A and ligustilide in Buyang Huanwu associated prescriptions (Buyang HuanwuDecoction andNaojianTablets).MethodsHPLC-DAD was applied for simultaneous determination plasma concentration of three ingredients with jugular venous cannula rats after intragastric administration ofBuyang Huanwu associated prescriptions. The pharmacolinetic parameters of each ingredient was calculated by DAS2.0, and then the total quantum statistical moment (TQSM) standard similarity was used to measure the overall pharmacokinetics behaviors.Results There were great differences in the three ingredients after the administration of two prescriptions, while the total quantum statistical parameters were very closely. The TQSM pharmacokinetic parameters of the three components inBuyang HuanwuDecoction andNaojian Tablets showed that AUC, MRT, VRT were 240.6 and 133.0, 3.192 min and 3.259 min, 21.59 min2and 19.75 min2, respectively.The similarity was up to 0.977 8.Conclusion The metabolic processes in vivo ofBuyang Huanwu Decoction andNaojianTablets have similarities. The efficacy of Chinese herbal compounds mostly depends on the multi-components overall contributions.

Objective To investigate the relationship between thyroid nodules and sex and age in Harbin,as well as the clinical characteristics of thyroid nodules.Methods Using a cross-sectional method,census personnel from the Second Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from November 2017 to October 2018 were selected for Color Doppler Ultrasonography of thyroid gland to compare the detection rate of thyroid nodules in different age and sex and analyze the location and size of thyroid nodules.Results A total of 6 209 persons with thyroid nodules were detected in 11 465 healthy census personnel,with a detection rate of 54.16％.Among them,1 069 were males with a detection rate of 44.08％ (1 069/2 425) and 5 140 were females with a detection rate of 56.86％ (5 140/9 040),gender difference was statistically significant (x2 =125.71,P ＜ 0.05).Detection of thyroid nodules in different age groups:416 (28.75％) in the group aged 20-29,775 (39.08％) in the group aged 30-39,1 228 (50.27％) in the group aged 40-49,2 059 (65.26％) in the group aged 50-59,1 444 (70.03％) in the group aged 60-69,and 287 (76.53％) in the group aged over 70.The detection rate of thyroid nodules in all age groups of females was higher than that in males,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =15.50,11.53,28.87,54.91,43.22,7.28,P ＜ 0.05).Detection of thyroid nodules in different location:1 698 (27.35％) in the left lobe,1 795 (28.91％) in the right lobe,and 2 716 (43.74％) in bilateral lobes.Detection of thyroid nodules with different size:3 591 (57.84％) with small nodules (diameter ＜ 1.0 cm),1 907 (30.71％) with medium nodules (1.0 cm≤diameter≤2.0 cm),and 711 (11.45％) with large nodules (diameter ＞ 2.0 cm).Conclusions The detection rate of thyroid nodules in Harbin is higher,women are significantly larger than males,and the age is ≥ 70 years old than other age groups;the nodules appear more in the bilateral leaves,mainly small nodules.

OBJECTIVEThrough correlation and path analysis between total saponins content in rhizome/mycorrhizal infection rate in roots of Pairs polyphylla var. yunnanensis and soil factors, to make an inquiry into the role of soil factors in the quality formation of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

METHODTested total saponins in rhizome, mycorrhizal fungal infection rate in root and physical and chemical properties in rhizosphere soil in 25 different growth areas, and statistically analyzed the relationship between total saponins in rhizome/mycorrhizal infection rate in roots of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and soil factors by using correlation and path analysis.

RESULTThe symbiosis relationship between AM mycorrhizal and roots of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis were better established under natural condition, of which the infection ratio between 36.41%, 83.37%. There were significantly positive correlation between total saponins content in rhizome and urease activity or alkaline phosphatase activities or organic matter in soil, but there was significantly negative correlation between total saponins content and bulk density. There was significantly positive correlation between AM infection ratio and alkaline nitrogen. Path analysis indicated that total saponins of rhizome mainly affected by alkaline nitrogen in soil rhizosphere, secondly by soil organic matter and soil urease activity. While the mycorrhizal fungal colonization ratio was mainly affected by soil pH, secondly by alkaline nitrogen, urease activity, and available phospherus in soil.

CONCLUSIONThere is closed relationship between quality formation of P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis and soil factors. Path analysis is better for reflecting the contribution of soil factors to total saponins and mycorrhizal infection ratio.

Alkaline Phosphatase ; metabolism ; Liliaceae ; chemistry ; microbiology ; Mycorrhizae ; growth & development ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Saponins ; analysis ; Soil ; analysis ; Urease ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo eluciate and establish a new population pharmacokinetic mathematical models and parameter calculation for the multiple components in the Chinese Matria Medica Formula (CMMF) through analyses of population pharmacokinetic parameter calculation for single compounds.

METHODThe model was been set up by statistic moment principle to form a new population pharmacokinetics for the mutiple components in CMMF according to the single compound population pharmacokinetic parameter calculation principle.

RESULTIt have been established the mathematical model for the population pharmacokinetic model for CMMF that consisted of a series of parameters: 1) total quantum zero moment as AUC(T), 2) first moment as MRT(T), mean residence time of metabolism, 3) second moment as VRT(T), variance of mean residence time of metabolism, 4) total body clearance CL(T), 5) total apparent volum V(T), 6) 95% of total ingredient metabolic time interval PI(T)(0.95), 7) 95% of total ingredient accumulation metabolic time interval Pa(T)(0.95) etc that were correlated with single population pharmacokinetic parameters.

CONCLUSIONThe population pharmacokinetic model and parameter calculation for CMMF can be established on the bases of single compound population pharmacokinetics by way of total quantum statistic moment principle to be expansived taylor expression at point of population parameter typical values to divide population pharmacokinetic total quantum statistical moment parameters into the four term of typical value, fixed effect, biologic variation and experiment error.

Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Models, Biological ; Pharmacokinetics

Background Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) can effectively alleviate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this process, the underlying mechanism in its association with the epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of glucose metabolism key enzyme genes remains unclear yet. Objective To investigate the effects of CIHH on expression and promoter region methylation of key enzyme genes related to glucose metabolism in diabetes mice, and to explore the underlying mechanism by which CIHH regulates glucose metabolism. Methods Forty C57BL/6J male mice were divided randomly into a normobaric normoxic control (NN/CON) group, a chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia intervention control (CIHH/CON) group, a normobaric normoxic diabetic model (NN/DM) group, and a chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia intervention diabetic model (CIHH/DM) group. The mice in the NN/DM and the CIHH/DM groups were fed for 7 weeks with high-fat and high-sugar diet. Subsequently, these mice were intraperitoneally injected consecutively with 50 mmol·L⁻¹ streptozotocin (STZ) for 5 d at a dose of 40 mg·kg⁻¹ (body weight) per day to create T2DM model mice. The mice in the CIHH/DM and the CIHH/CON groups were intervened by simulating hypobaric hypoxia at 5000 m altitude for 6 h per day, while the mice in the NN/DM and the NN/CON groups were always placed in a normobaric normoxic environment. All mice were continuously treated for 4 weeks, and blood glucose were monitored during this period. After the CIHH intervention experiment, the glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of mice were evaluated. A set of indicators involved in key glycolytic enzymes glucokinase (GK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), as well as key gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxyl kinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) were measured in the liver of mice, including enzyme activity, relative mRNA expression level, and DNA methylation level in the gene promoter regions. Results Compared with the mice in the NN/DM group, the blood glucose levels of the mice in the CIHH/DM group decreased after the 25^th day of the CIHH intervention (P<0.05). Regarding the diabetic glucose tolerance curves, the area under the curve (AUC) of the mice in the CIHH/DM group was lower than that of the NN/DM group (P<0.05). Compared with the mice in the NN/DM group, the mice in the CIHH/DM group showed that the serum insulin content and HOMA of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IRI) decreased (P<0.05), the enzyme activities of GK and PK increased and the relative mRNA expression levels of their genes were up-regulated (P<0.05), while the enzyme activities of PEPCK and G6P decreased and the relative mRNA expression levels of their genes were down-regulated (P<0.05) in liver. The average DNA methylation levels in the promoter regions of GK, PK, PEPCK, and G6P genes in liver of mice in each group were not significantly different (P>0.05), and their correlations with mRNA expression levels were also not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion CIHH intervention may reduce blood glucose level, improve glucose tolerance, alleviate insulin resistance, and regulate the key enzyme activities of glucose metabolism and the relative mRNA expression of their corresponding genes in T2DM mice, but the above phenomena are not related to the DNA methylation levels in the promoter regions of these key enzymes.

With human placed in the whole nature, by following the biologic evolution path, the property of channel structure for "imprinting template" in meridian andwas explored with supramolecular chemistry. In the history of biologic evolution, each molecule in "molecule society" gradually developed into various highly-ordered supramolecular bodies based on self-identification, self-assembly, self-organization, self-replicating of"imprinting template", and thereby the original biochemical system was established, and finally evolved into human. In the forming process of supramolecular bodies, the channel structure of"imprinting template" in guest supramolecular bodies would be kept by host supramolecular bodies, and communicate with the outside to exchange materials, energy, information, otherwise life phenomenon could not continue, for which it was the chemical nature of biolo-gical supramolecular bodies for body to develop meridian. Therefore, the human was a gigantic and complicated supramolecules body in biological nature, and possessed the supramolecules "imprinting template" at each stage of evolution, for which the meridians were formed. When meridians converged, acupoints appeared; when acupointsconverged,appeared. With the promotion of the blood from heart, according to"imprinting template", the guest supramolecular bodies and host meridian produced-analysis, which was the-phenomenon of guest in meridian. It presented asimage of physiology and pathology as well as action regularities of medication and acupuncture tolerance, by which current various meridian viewpoints could be explained and propose the hypothesis of meridian supramolecular bodies. The meridian and its phenomenon was decide by its "imprinting template" of supramolecular bodies and self-reaction regularities, which abided through the living nature. This was the substance for meridian biology.

Objective To isolate the Japanese encephalitis virus carried by Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Dongchuan District of Yunnan Province and analyze its molecular characteristics, so as to provide insights into the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis in Yunnan Province. Methods Mosquito specimens were collected using mosquito-trapping lamps from pig farms in Batang Village and Xiaoxin Village, Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province in July 2016, and the mosquito species was identified according to the mosquito morphology. Then, 60 to 100 mosquitoes of each species served as a group and were ground. Baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells and Aedes albopictus clone C6/36 cells were used for virus isolation, and positive isolates were identified using flavivirus primers. The positive isolates were amplified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay with 15 pairs of specific primers covering the full length of the genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus, and DNA sequence assembly was performed using the software SeqMan in the DNASTAR package. The obtained sequences were aligned with the complete sequences of 38 Japanese encephalitis virus downloaded from the GenBank with the software MegAlign, and the nucleotide and amino acid homology analyses of the obtained sequences were performed. The difference in amino acid sites was analyzed with the software GeneDoc, and phylogenetic trees were created based on the sequences of the coding region and E protein of the isolated Japanese encephalitis virus with the software Mega X. In addition, the secondary and tertiary structures of the E protein of the Japanese encephalitis virus were predicted using the online tool SOPMA and the software Swiss-Model. Results A total of 5 820 mosquitoes were collected and 3 843 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (66.03%) were identified according to the mosquito morphology. A positive virus isolate, termed YNDC55-33, was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchoides following batches of virus isolation from mosquito specimens, and cytopathic effect was observed following inoculation into BHK-21 and C6/36 cells. The YNDC55-33 virus isolate was successfully amplified with the flavivirus primes, and a long sequence containing 300 nucleotides was obtained. Following sequence alignment using the BLAST tool, the sequence of the YNDC55-33 virus isolate had high homology with that of the genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus. A long sequence with 10 845 nucleotides in length, which encoded 3 432 amino acids, was obtained by splicing the full sequence of the YNDC55-33 virus isolate. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole-genome sequence and E gene sequence of the YNDC55-33 virus isolate showed that the new YNDC55-33 virus isolate was most closely related to the genotype I Guizhou isolate (GenBank accession number: HM366552), with nucleotide homology of 98.5% and amino acid homology of 99.4%, and the YNDC55-33 virus isolate shared 97.96% ± 0.33% nucleotide homology and 99.35% ± 0.08% amino acid homology with other genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus isolates, and < 90% nucleotide homology and < 98% amino acid homology with other genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus. The YNDC55-33 virus isolate and the live attenuated virus vaccine candidate SA14-14-2 isolate differed at 16 amino acid sites on E gene, and 7 out of 8 key amino acid sites related to neurovirulence. The secondary and tertiary structures of the E protein of the YNDC55-33 virus isolate were predicted to be characterized by random coils. Conclusions A genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Dongchuan District, Kunming City. This virus isolate and the live attenuated virus vaccine candidate SA14-14-2 isolate does not differ at antigenic epitopes-related key amino acid sites, and the major protein structure of the virus isolate is random coils. This study adds new data for the epidemiological distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Yunnan Province, which may provide insights into the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis in the province.