OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of lead exposure on the copper concentration in the brain and serum and the expression of copper transporters in the choroid plexus among rats.

METHODSSixty specific pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group and three lead-exposed groups, with 8 mice in each group. The lead-exposed groups were orally administrated with 500 (low-dose group)), 1 000 (middle-dose group), and 2 000 mg/L (high-dose group) lead acetate in drinking water for eight weeks. And the rats in control group were given 2 000 mg/L sodium acetate in drinking water. The content of lead and copper in the serum, hippocampus, cortex, choroid plexus, bones, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Confocal and real-time PCR methods were applied to measure the expression of copper transporters including copper transporter 1 (Ctr1), antioxidant protein 1 (ATX1), and Cu ATPase (ATP7A).

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the lead-exposed groups showed significantly higher lead concentrations in the serum, cortex, hippocampus, choroid plexus, CSF, and bones (P < 0.05) and significantly higher copper concentrations in the CSF, choroid plexus, serum, and hippocampus (P < 0.05). Confocal images showed that Ctr1 protein was expressed in the cytoplasm and cell membrane of choroid plexus in control group. However, Ctr1 migrated to CSF surface microvilli after lead exposure. Ctr1 fluorescence intensity gradually increased with increasing dose of lead, except that the middle-dose group had a higher Ctr1 fluorescence intensity than the high-dose group. In addition, the middle- and high-dose groups showed a lower ATX1 fluorescence intensity compared with the control group. Real-time PCR data indicated that the three lead-exposed groups showed significantly higher mRNA levels of Ctr1 and ATP7A compared with the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONCopper homeostasis in the choroid plexus is affected by lead exposure to induce copper homeostasis disorders in brain tissue, which may be one of the mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity.

Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Animals ; Brain ; Cation Transport Proteins ; drug effects ; Choroid Plexus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Copper ; metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Organometallic Compounds ; toxicity ; RNA, Messenger ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To apply the World Health Organization(WHO)International Classification of Functioning,Disability and Health(ICF)to a comprehensive analysis of the functional characteristics of children with attention deficit hyper-activity disorder(ADHD)and to develop a functionally oriented,individualized exercise rehabilitation protocol. Methods International Classification of Diseases(ICD-11)and ICF were utilized to systematically analyze the body structure,physical function,activities and participation,and environmental factors of children with ADHD.Based on the ICF's bio-psycho-social model of function,disability and health,combined with the theory of somat-ic and mental interaction,and referring to the WHO 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behav-iour,particularly the sections relevant to disabled adolescents,a function-oriented exercise rehabilitation protocol suitable for children with ADHD was formulated. Results The dysfunctions of children with ADHD were mainly manifested in the area of mental functions(b1),which was highlighted by attention functions(b140),energy and drive functions(b130)and higher-level cognitive func-tions(b164).In terms of activities and participation,limitations were primarily observed in learning and applying knowledge(d1),general tasks and demands(d2),communication(d3),and interpersonal interactions and relation-ships(d7).In addition,environmental factors such as products and technology(e1),support and relationships(e3),and attitudes(e4)affected the progression of the disorder.According to the guidelines,physical activity could be categorised into motor skill-based activities,fitness-based activities and sport-based activities.Children with ADHD were recommended to perform at least 60 minutes of moderate to high intensity fitness activities(e.g.,aerobic exercise)and motor skill activities(e.g.,basic movement exercises)a day,and at least three times a week of high intensity activities such as strength/resistance training and athletic competitions.The protocol should also ensure an accessible environment and adaptive assistive technology to promote the overall functional rehabilitation of children with ADHD. Conclusion Based on the ICF theoretical framework,combined with the theory of mind-body interaction,and with refer-ence to the WHO 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour,a functionally oriented exercise rehabilitation protocol was constructed,focusing on the children's attentional function,learning and mental func-tions.

Objective To study the feasibility of clinical application of an individualized customized material. Methods Five batches of individualized customized materials were randomly selected, from which 10 cm × 11 cm samples were intercepted for experimental analysis. Among them, 10 cm × 10 cm materials were selected to perform dosimetric analysis and HU change analysis before and after irradiation with a radiotherapy dose for breast cancer of 50 Gy as the irradiation basis. The center Point 1 on the lower surface of the individualized material and the center Point 2 of the solid water volume were selected for dosimetric analysis before and after the sample is irradiated. After reaching a sufficient amount of irradiation, the 1 cm × 10 cm materials intercepted in the center position and the remaining 1 cm × 10 cm materials after the first sampling were sent to the material science laboratory for analysis of physical properties of density, viscosity, hardness, and tear strength. Results In the comparative analysis of HU values before and after exposure, after receiving 50 Gy dose irradiation, the difference rate of HU value was 5.252%, which was close to the expected 5% difference rate in clinical medicine. In the dosimetric analysis of Point 1 and Point 2, the dose in the irradiated samples was significantly higher than that in the unirradiated samples; the dose in Point 1 increased by 3.742%, and the dose in Point 2 increased by 2.039%. Before and after irradiation, except for the physical density which showed a significant difference, there was no significant difference in viscosity, hardness, and tear strength. Conclusion The individualized customized material can meet the requirements of routine clinical medicine.