Background and purpose: Chemokines play an important role in cancer occurrence and development. However, little about the function of CCL26 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is reported. This study was designed to observe and study the expression of chemokine CCL26 in ESCC tissues and to analyze their association with pathological features of ESCC. Methods: Expressions of chemokine CCL26 in 197 ESCC tissues and their corresponding paraneoplastic normal esophageal tissues were determined by tissue array and immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique, and its correlations to age, gender, lymph nodes metastasis, TNM stage, general classification and 5-year survival rate of ESCC patients were further analyzed. Results: ①CCL26 was expressed in both ESCC and paraneoplastic normal esophageal tissues. The expression of CCL26 in ESCC tissues was signiifcantly higher than that in paraneoplastic normal esophageal tissues (61.8%vs 20.6%, P<0.05).②The expression of CCL26 was correlated with lymph node metastasis, but not correlated with age, gender, tumor cell differentiation, and general classiifcation (P>0.05).③Survival analysis showed that the abnormal expression of CCL26 was associated with 5-year survival rate of patients with ESCC. The 5-year survival rate of ESCC patients with CCL26 positive expression was obviously lower than that of ESCC patients with CCL26 negative expression. Conclusion: CCL26 upexpression might play an important role in the progression and development of ESCC patients. The high level of CCL26 expression is correlated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. Detection of CCL26 expression may have important prognostic values in ESCC patients.

Objective:To optimize the macroporous resin separation process for total flavonoids in papaya. Methods:The content of total flavonoids in papaya was selected as the index, and the resin model, sample solution concentration, ratio of diameter and height, the flow rate of adsorption, type and volume of eluent, type and volume of impurity removing solvent, elution velocity and the other parameters were investigated. Results:The optimal purification process was as follows: the macroporous resin type was D-140, the sample solution concentration was 0. 1 g·ml-1 , the sample volume was 2BV, the ratio of diameter and height was 1∶9, washing the impurities with 3BV water, eluting with 3BV 10% ethanol first followed by 3BV 50% ethanol with 2BV·h-1 , and collecting 50%ethanol elution. The total flavonoids content was 52%. Conclusion:The optimized process can separate and purify the total flavonoids in papaya effectively.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sorafenib in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.Methods The clinical date of 33 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma from September 2007 to April 2012 was reviewed retrospectively.26 were males and 7 were females,with an average age of 69 years.Pathological diagnosis showed 30 clear cell RCCs,2 papillary RCCs,and 1 unclassified RCC.These patients were treated by sorafenib 400 mg twice a day until intolerable toxicity or disease progression.The primary end points were objective response rate,clinical benefit rate,median survival time,median progression-free survival and the incidence of adverse reaction.Results All patients were evaluable for response and toxicity,with 8 patients (24％) of partial remission,19 cases (58％) of stable disease,and 6 cases (18％) of disease progression.The disease control rate was 82％,the median progression-free survival was 10.2 months,while the median survival time was 16.5 months.The common adverse reactions included hand-foot skin reaction (61％),diarrhea (46％),hypertension (21％).Most adverse reactions occurred around the second week after drug therapy,with the duration unequal.The majority of adverse reactions could be released by symptomatic treatment,which did not affect the medication.Conclusion Sorafenib has good short term efficacy for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma,and most adverse reactions were tolerable.

Objective To construct a Nomogram model that can accurately predict early death of metastatic colon cancer (mCC). Methods A total of 6 669 patients from the SEER database were identified using inclusion and exclusion criteria. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for early mortality and to construct a Nomogram. The predictive performance of the Nomogram was evaluated by C-index, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results Primary tumor location, differentiation grade, T stage, M stage, bone metastases, brain metastases, CEA, tumor size, age and marital status were independent factors for early death in patients with mCC. A Nomogram was constructed based on these variables. The C-index and the calibration curve of the Nomogram showed the good predictive ability of the nomogram. DCA showed that the Nomogram had a superior clinical net benefit in predicting early death compared with TNM stage. Conclusion The developed Nomogram has good predictive ability and can help guide clinicians to identify patients with high-risk mCC for individualized diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To explore the effect of oxaliplatin ( OXA) on enhancing radiosensitivity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 . Methods 50% inhibition concentration ( IC50 ) of HepG2 cells treated with OXA was measured by using MTT method at 6, 12, 24, 48 hours. Then clone formation assay was applied to obtain sensitizing enhancement ratio ( SER) of OXA combing IR, according to the survival fraction of three groups 10?14 days after treatments:placebo?treated group ( C) ,radiation group ( IR, single dose of 1 Gy,2 Gy,4 Gy,6 Gy,8 Gy,10 Gy) and IR synchronizing OXA group ( IR+3 mg/L OXA) . The proportions of cell apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry at 24 hours after treatment. At last, we semi?quantitative tested the expression of extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 ( ERK 1/2 ) and DNA damage repair protein Ku?70 of the C,IR and IR+OXA groups. Statistical analysis was performed by T test. Results The IC50 of OXA on HepG2 cells is 54?4 mg/L at 6 hours,29?1 mg/L at 12 hours,17?8 mg/L at 24 hours and 10?5 mg/L at 48 hours.3 mg/L was selected in clone formation assay at which 80?90% HepG2 cells survived at 24 hours. The SER ( SF2 ) is calculated as 1?59. Flow cytometry showed the proportion of survival cells in IR+OXA group is significantly lower than those of IR group ( P=0?005) ,OXA group ( P=0?008) and C group ( P=0?001) . The expressions of ERK 1/2 were inhibited in IR and IR+OXA groups compared by that of control group. But the expression of ERK 1/2 in IR group showed increasing after 48 hours which was higher than that of IR+OXA group. For Ku?70,the changes of expression were similar with that of ERK 1/2. Conclusion Oxaliplatin presented enhancing radiosensitivity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 in vitro.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To observe the influences of different concentrations of MG132 on apoptosis and beta-amyloid protein ( Aβ) generation in SH-SY5Y cells, and to explore the underlying mechanism.METHODS:SHSY-5Y cells were incubated with MG132 for 24 h.The final concentrations of MG132 were 2.5, 5 and 10μmol/L.The cell viability was de-termined by MTT assay.The cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry.The levels of Aβwere measured by ELISA. The relative protein levels were detected by Western blot.RESULTS:In the SH-SY5Y cells, MG132 reduced the cell via-bility, induced the cell apoptosis, increased the level of Aβ, and increased the expression of the related proteins for Aβgeneration in a concentration-dependent manner.CONCLUSION: MG132 induces apoptosis and increases the levels of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 by regulating the proteins related to Aβgeneration in the SH-SY5Y cells.

Objective To evaluate the effects of active cycle of breathing techniques (ACBT) on respiratory complications of postoperative lung cancer patients. Methods One hundred non-small-cell lung cancer patients who underwent pulmonary lobectomy or segmentectomy in thoracic surgery department from April 2012 to January 2014 were assigned into the control group , while the experiment group were paired patients from February 2014 to December 2014. We applied ACBT to the experiment group for 5 days after surgical resection and afterward compared the two groups in view of incidence of respiratory complications . Result The incidences of pulmonary infection, atelectasis and hypoxemia in the experiment group were all significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion ACBT strengthens endurance and force of patients′respiratory muscle group, and therefore reduces postoperative pulmonary complications.

Objective To investigate the effects of fluoride on trabecular bone of the tibia and lumbar in BALB/c mice.Methods Totally 64 four-week-old BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups by weight,16 per group:control group (treated with distilled water) and 3 sodium fluoride (NaF) exposure groups (treated with NaF at 25,50 and 100 mg/L F-),respectively.At 12 weeks,mice were killed and blood,two hind limbs and lumbar were collected.Bone fluoride content and incidence rates of dental fluorosis were determined.Serum content of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) were detected by micro enzyme labeled method.The ultrastructure of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in lumbar were observed via transmission electron microscope.The pathological changes of the trabecular bone of the tibia and the lumbar were observed under optical microscope,the percentage of trabecular area (％Tb.Ar) was measured with Image-Pro Plus (IPP) software.Results Bone fluoride contents of low,middle and high fluoride groups [(1 828.62 ± 102.93),(3 308.27 ± 185.63),(4 933.36 ± 301.16) mg/kg] were higher than that of the control group [(775.23 ± 92.56) mg/kg,all P ＜ 0.05].The incidences of dental fluorosis in the 4 groups were 0(0/16),47％(7/15),93％(14/15) and 100％(16/16),respectively;the difference was statistically significant (x2 =27.23,P ＜ 0.05).In middle and high fluoride groups,serum AKP [(18.30 ± 1.99),(24.50 ± 3.14) king unit/100 ml] and ACP [(11.97 ± 1.73),(11.31 ± 1.46) king unit/100 ml] were significantly higher than those of control [(14.63 ± 1.21),(9.07 ± 1.47) king unit/100 ml,respectively,all P ＜ 0.05].Under the electron microscope,osteoblast had developed organelles in each fluoride group,rough endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi body,and mitochondria were abundant,and nucleolus was obvious in the osteoblast.Osteoclast was rich in mitochondria,ruffled border clear and distributed phagocytic vacuoles in low fluoride group and middle fluoride group.Compared with the control group (17.03 ± 3.73),HE staining of tibia ％Tb.Ar in high fluoride group (28.79 ± 8.26) was significantly increased (P ＜ 0.05).The lumbar spine ％Tb.Ar in low,middle and high fluoride groups (15.87 ± 2.59,18.28 ± 0.89,21.99 ± 1.81) were higher than that of the control group (12.06 ± 1.76,all P ＜ 0.05].Conclusions BALB/c mice could be used as a model of skeletal fluorosis.Osteoblast and osteoclast are activated in BALB/c mice with skeletal fluorosis.Bone formation is more obvious than bone resorption and bone mass is increased.What is more,bone mass has increased more significantly in the lumbar spine of mice.

Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy of apatinib combined with chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer as secondline and above treatment, and to analyze the survival of patients. Methods: Seventy-two patients with advanced gastric cancer that treated at Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from March 2016 to April 2017 were included in this study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria; patients were randomly divided into chemotherapy group, apatinib group, apatinib combined with chemotherapy group. And the clinical efficacy and the survival of patients were investigated. Results: For chemotherapy group, apatinib group, apatinib combined with chemotherapy group, the disease control rate (DCR) and objective response rate (ORR) were 48.3%, 61.1%,72.0% (P>0.05) and 13.8%, 16.7%, 28.0%(P>0.05), respectively; and the incidence rate of adverse reaction at grade three-four was 17.1%, 16.8% and 24.0% (P>0.05), respectively. Compared with the chemotherapy group (93 d), the median progress-free survival (mPFS) time in the apatinib group and apatinib combined with chemotherapy group was 117 d (P=0.128) and 160 d (P=0.001). Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analyses showed that TNM staging (P=0.036), ascites (P=0.041) and treatment regimen (P=0.001) were the independent factors affecting PFS. Conclusion: As the second-line or above treatment in advanced gastric cancer, compared with single chemotherapy and single apatinib group, apatinib combined with chemotherapy displays more satisfactory achievement in remission rate, accompanied by controllable adverse reactions and considerable survival benefit.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the roll of bone sialoprotein (BSP), a secreted glycoprotein, found in mineralized tissues in the development and progression of human esophageal squamous cell carcimoma (ESCC), and explore its association with clinicopathological characteristics and five-year survival of the patients.

METHODSThe expression of BSP was determined in 211 primary ESCC tumors and their paired nontumorous tissues using tissue-array, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSPrimary ESCC tissues showed a significantly higher expression rate of BSP mRNA than their paired nontumorous tissues (93.8% vs. 16.6%, P < 0.001), the same with BSP protein (56.9% vs. 31.3%, P < 0.001). The expression rate of BSP protein was correlated to lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (P < 0.05). The 5-year survival rate of BSP protein-positive ESCC patients was significantly lower than that of BSP protein-negative ESCC patients (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that tumor differentiation, TNM staging and BSP protein expression were independent factors affecting the prognosis of ESCC patients (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe abnormal expression of BSP may play a significant role in the malignant progression and prognosis of ESCC, and BSP might be a marker reflecting the biologial behavior of ESCC.

Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Esophageal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; metabolism ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Integrin-Binding Sialoprotein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; RNA, Messenger ; Survival Rate