Stroke is the disease which caused by many risk factors.The relationship between insulin resistance(IR) and young adult stroke is one of the focuses now in the neurological field.IR refered to the series of pathological and physiological changes,it happens when the response of the target tissue organ to insulin is depressing or losing.There are many ways of detection of IR,the insulin sensitivity index(ISI) is one of the most satisfied indexes to reflect the sensitivity to insulin.IR could cause a series of pathological and physiological changes,which caused hyperinsulinemia,hyperglycemia,hyperpiesia,blood-fat derangement,fibrinolytic system anomaly,blood vessel endothelium change,artherosclerosis,et al,maybe in ways of many metabolic risk factors.Atherosclerosis is the main etiopathogenisis factor in young adult stroke,as a conclusion,IR is also existed in young adult stroke.But,does IR exist in all types of young adult stroke? What is the mechanism? Is the level of IR related with the pathogenetic condition and prognosis? These questions are still not clear at present,and the study on the relationship between IR and young adult stroke is important to prevent young adult stroke.

Objective:To study the effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) on metabolism of aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1) in Wistar rats. Methods:Seventy one Wistar rats were divided into three groups at random: group A (AFB_1 group), group B (AFB_1+EGb761 group), and group C (control group). The rats in groups A and B were given AFB_1(intraperitoneal injection, 100-200 μg/ kg body weight, 1-3 times/week). The rats in group B were fed the food containing EGb761 while the rats in groups A and C were given normal food. Blood samples were collected and liver biopsy was performed on the 14th, 28th and 42nd week. All the rats were sacrificed at the 64th week. The incidence of hepatoma was observed. The hepatic phase Ⅰ drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP450 and phase Ⅱ enzyme GST were detected by spectrometry. The serum AFB_1-lysine adduct was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The expression of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine(8-OHdG) was measured by immunohistochemistry. Results:The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in group B was significantly lower than that in group A (26.92% vs 76.00%,P<0.001). No hepatocellular carcinoma developed in group C. EGb761 had no effects on the activities of CYP450 and GST in rat liver tissues. The level of AFB_1-lysine adduct reached the peak (4 356.01 pg/mg albumin) at the 14th week in group A. EGb761 significantly inhibited the formation of AFB_1-lysine adducts in serum by 13.07% at the 14th week (P＝0.033), and 73.63% at the 42nd week (P＝0.002). The expression of 8-OHdG protein in rat liver tissues in group B was significantly lower than that in group A at the 28th, 42nd, and 64th week (P<0.05). Conclusion:The main mechanism underlying the effect of EGb761 in blocking hepatogenesis induced by AFB_1 may not be fully related with its influence on the activity of liver phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ metabolizing enzymes. EGb761 inhibites the production of AFB_1-lysine addcuts, decreases the expression of 8-OHdG protein, and finally alleviates the DNA oxidative injury, which may be one of the mechanisms for the effects of EGb761 in inhibiting or delaying hepatogenesis induced by AFB_1.

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is gradually replacing conventional radiation therapy and has become the mainstream radical treatment for patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). IMRT can conform and increase radiation doses to tu-mor-associated regions as well as decrease exposure doses and volumes on normal organs and tissues to avoid damage on critical or-gans. Aside from system and setup errors, other factors, such as the gradual reduction of the primary NPC lesion and the decrease in vol-ume of involved neck lymph nodes as well as body weight loss and changes in the head and neck shape during IMRT, may cause devia-tions in the radiation doses and volume delivered to the NPC targets and the organs at risk. These factors may affect the accuracy of IMRT. Several researchers have attempted to correct such deviations during IMRT for NPC patients by using adaptive radiotherapy (ART). The results indicate that ART is feasible to a certain degree and can correct the deviations, including decrease in tumor volume, body weight loss, and changes in head and neck shape of NPC patients.

Objective To provide a better cell model of closely nature infectious state for further research of hepatitis B virus(HBV). Methods Primary tupaia hepatocytes were isolated by the two-step perfusion method. The hepatocytes were then infected with purified serum from patients with hepatitis B. DNA and RNA isolated from the hepatocytes were detected with Southern blot and Northern blot. HBsAg in supernatant was tested by immunohistochemical method. Results cccDNA, pgRNA and sgRNA could be detected by Southern blot and Northem blot, and strong signals could be seen from day 7 to day 14 post-in-fection. The S/CO value of HBsAg in supernatant decreased from day 1 to day 5 and then increased after 5 day. Conclusion Primary tupaia hepatocytes are competent for infection with HBV. HBV can stably repli-cate and express in HBV-infected tupaia hepatocytes.

ObjectiveTo study the CT values of certain phantoms scanned by various CT scanners with dissimilar parameters.Methods The CT values of tissue equivalent inserts was measured in the TM164 and CIRS-062 phantom scanned by TOSHIBA AQUILIONTM,SIEMENS SOMATOMTMSENSATIONTM 64 and SIEMENS SOMATOMTM SENSATIONTM OPEN with different voltages,currents and slice thicknesses and then the corresponding CT-to-density curves was compared. Results There are no significant differences of CT values with various currents and slice thicknesses and also for low atom number materials scanned by different scanners with various tube voltages.The CT values of high atom number materials have obvious differences scanned with tube voltage,the maximum is about 400 HU.There are also significant differences between CT-density curves of two phantoms in the range from soft tissues to dense bone,the maximum is up to 500 HU.ConclusionsCT-density curves were highly affected by materials of phantoms,scanners and tube voltages.It is necessary to measure the curve with a comfortable phantom and certain scanner to assure the accuracy for dose calculation for treatment planning system.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging science and technology that studies and develops theories, methods, technologies, and application systems for simulating and expanding human intelligence. AI has made great breakthroughs in the field of intelligent medicine, and has shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity, and other fundus diseases. A number of clinical trials on the application of AI technologies to DR screening have been carried out in the domestic and overseas, which not only have a high accuracy rate, but also save doctors' reading time and reduce the burden of society, medical work and patients. However, due to the lack of evaluation system for DR intelligent diagnosis technology, the accuracy of AI system still lacks of big data verification. Secondly, most of the color fundus photographs are taken in the posterior 45°, which only show the most vulnerable areas, making some lesions undetectable. In addition, the current DR screening system has not yet been applied to the clinic, most of which are in the stage of prospective research and trials. There are still many obstacles from the environment to the hospital or the clinic. Doctors cannot use real patient data to evaluate the AI system, so it is not popular in clinical practice. In the future, DR screening algorithms and diagnostic models can be further improved and established to make DR AI screening more accurate.

Objective To evaluate the probability of siblings identification in Identifiler system by using the software of automatic analysis.Methods Using the software of automatic analysis in siblings jdentification.STP genetic typing of 151 pairs of full siblings and 31224 pairs of unrelated individuals from manual simulation were analyzed in 15 STR loci of ldentifiler system.Results Kin probability(W_(FS))of 39.07% full siblings were more than 99.999% while W_(FS) of unrelated individual pairs were 0% .W_(FS) of 60.93% full siblings and 21.3% unrelated individual pairs were all at the range from 99.999% to 1% .W_(FS) of 78.7% unrelated individual pairs 0% full siblings individuals were less than 1% .Therefore,there were notability difference between full siblings and unrelated individual pairs.In addition,testing of 15 STR loci of Identifiler system,it suggested that the pair were siblings when the locus number of the entirely-same is not less than 5 or that of the entirely-different is not more than 1,and that the pair were unrelated individuals when the locus number of the entirely-different is not less than 6 or that of the entirely-8alne is not more than 1.Conclusion The software of automatic analysis and the Identifiler system call be used to siblings identification.

Objective: To explore and compare 4-color and 8-color fluorescence antibody panels for detecting minimal residual disease of multiple myeloma patients after therapy. Methods: One 8-color antibody panel was built including CD38 and CD138 for the identification of plasma cells (PCs) , membrane antigen CD45, CD19, CD56 and CD117, cytoplasmic Kappa (cκ) and Lambda (cλ) light chain antigen. Six tubes of 4-color panels were built, among them, membrane antigen CD45/CD19, CD56/CD117, CD19/CD56 and light chains were analyzed combined by CD38/CD138 for PCs gate in the tubes M1-3 and tube C-_κ/λ, respectively; CD19 or CD45 and cκ/cλ light chains were detected in the tube MC1-_CD38 for CD38/SSC identified PCs gate and tube MC2-_CD138 for CD138/SSC identified PCs gate separately. Twenty normal volunteer bone marrows and seventy-three specimens from multiple myeloma patients after complete remission were measured and analyzed. Results: MRD positive samples were discriminated in 82.19% of the specimen evaluated through either abnormal plasma cells (aPCs) or clonal plasma cells (cPCs) by 8-color antibody panel. Among of them, consistency was 89.04%. The median percentage of cPCs was 0.105%. The lowest sensitivity of experiment was 0.004%. Percentage of PCs identified by CD38/ SSC gate was higher than that by CD38/CD138 (P<0.001) and CD138/SSC gate (P=0.001) apparently. The lowest MRD positive rate was found in tube C (65.75%) , which lower than 8-color panel obviously (P=0.024) . The percentages of aPCs measured by tube M2-_56/117 were significantly lower than other tubes (P=0.014) . MRD positive rate determined by cPCs was higher than that by aPCs both in the tube MC1-_CD38 and tube MC2-_CD138, whose concordance rate were 68.49% and 79.45%, respectively. Compared with 8-color panel, tube MC2-_CD138 the best choice among six tubes of 4-color panels, which has the best sensitivity, accuracy and negative predicted value, higher positive predicted value and specificity. Tube M1-_45/19 was the second choice. Conclusions CD38/CD138 are the best markers for gating PCs. Membrane antigen and cκ/cλ detected simultaneously is a better method for MM MRD detection and 8-color antibody panel is an ideal approach. Two tubes of 4-color antibody combination, M1-_45/19 and MC2-_CD138 are recommended in the 4-color panels.

Objective: To investigate the characteristic and prognostic significance of leukemia stem cells associated antigens expressions including CD34, CD38, CD123, CD96 and TIM-3 in t (8;21) AML. Methods: Bone marrow samples of 47 t (8;21) AML patients were collected at diagnosis from October 2015 to April 2018 in Peking University Peoples’ Hospital, then flow cytometry method was performed to detect the expression frequencies of CD34, CD38, CD123, CD96 and TIM-3 to analyze the relationship between leukemia stem cells associated antigens expressions and relapse. Results: Of 47 t (8;21) AML patients tested, the median percentages of CD34⁺CD38^-, CD34⁺ CD38^-CD123⁺, CD34⁺CD38^- CD96⁺ and CD34⁺ CD38^- TIM-3⁺ cells among nucleated cells were 2.37%, 0.24%, 0.27% and 0.06%, respectively. All the frequencies of CD34⁺CD38^-, CD34⁺CD38^-CD123⁺, CD34⁺CD38^-CD96⁺ and CD34⁺ CD38^-TIM-3⁺ cells had no impact on the achievement of CR after the first course of induction. All higher frequencies of CD34⁺CD38^-, CD34⁺CD38^-CD123⁺, CD34⁺CD38^-CD96⁺ cells were related to higher 2-year CIR rate. Whereas, the frequency of CD34⁺ CD38^- TIM-3⁺ cells had no impact on CIR rate. Both high frequency of CD34⁺ CD38^- cells and the high level of minimal residual diseases (patients with <3-log reduction in the RUNX1-RUNX1T1 transcript level after the second consolidation therapy) were independent poor prognostic factors of CIR[P=0.025, HR=6.9 (95%CI 1.3-37.4) ; P=0.031, HR=11.1 (95%CI 1.2-99.2) ]. Conclusion Different leukemia stem cells associated antigens had distinct prognostic significance in t (8;21) AML. High frequencies of CD34⁺ CD38^-, CD34⁺ CD38^- CD123⁺ and CD34⁺CD38^-CD96⁺ cells at diagnosis predicted relapse in patients with t (8;21) AML.

A 3-week practice-oriented training course on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) management was conducted in December 2020, 34 primary care physicians from township or community health service centers attended the course. The impact of the training course on the knowledge levels of COPD management was evaluated with a questionnaire survey, the questionnaire contained the knowledge of COPD and its management. The survey showed that before the training, the participants had low knowledge levels on the definition of COPD and its risk factors; 67.6% (23/34) were not aware of COPD-related guidelines and new developments, and 17.6%(6/34) had conducted COPD follow-up assessments, pulmonary rehabilitation, and health education; only 8.8% (3/34) had used the improved British Medical Research Council Dyspnea Index (mMRC) and the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test (CAT) for patient self-assessment; there was no pulmonary function instrument in their units, and only 3 doctors (8.8%) had previously participated in pulmonary function training and knew indications and contraindications of the pulmonary function test, and complete report interpretation; all participants were unable to use common inhalation devices and master inhalation techniques completely and correctly; 11.8% (4/34) had assessed patients′ handling inhalation devices and performing inhalation. After the training, the knowledge levels of COPD clinical features, lung function and inhalation technique were significantly improved, and the scores were significantly increased compared with those before the training ( P<0.001). The study shows that primary care physicians have insufficient knowledge and management skill of COPD. The practice-oriented training can significantly improve the knowledge and skills of primary care physician for COPD management in the community.