At present PLA and its copolymer is a kind of most widely used biodegradable polymers to prepare microspheres because of its good biocompatibility. The double emulsion method is the most used technique for microspheres loade with water-soluble drugs, proteins and peptides. Microspheres with different particle size or release character could be used in different applications such as targeted drug delivery or long-acting drug delivery. The characters of microspheres are influenced by the preparative parameter. This article reviewed the preparative parameters that influence the character of microspheres.

OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of Runchangtongbian mixture (an agent of loosing bowel to relive constipation) on bowel propulsion in mice. METHODS:The coom propulsion percentages in bowel in Runchangtongbian mixture group, model group (treated with bowel propulsion suppressants) and blank group were computed and compared, and the data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS:As compared with the blank group, bowel propulsion was greatly enhanced in Runchangtongbian mixture group(P

Cobra venom factor (CVF), separated from the cobra venoms, is an acidic glucoproteins with anticomplementory activity. The combination of CVF with factor B in the blood produces a stable C3 and C5 converterase resulting in complement depletion by activating complement continually. There are many studies on it, such as inflammation, autoimmune disease, xenotransplantation, anti-tumor, etc. CVF is also an important tool drug for the study of complement role in the pathophysiological development of diseases.

Aim To investigate the effects of chloride channel blockers on the apoptosis of RIN-m? cells of pancreatic islet induced by H2O2.Methods The apoptotic model was made by H2O2 exposed for six hours with a concentration of 500 ?mol?L-1.The chloride channel blockers:DIDS,NPPB and NFA were administered to pretreat the samples respectively.The cell viability,morphological changes,and apoptosis rate were observed.Results Chloride channel blockers alone have no marked effects on the cell viability of RIN-m? cell.However,they elevated the cell viability of RIN-m?cell disposed of by H2O2.Compared to H2O2 group,the groups of DIDS +H2O2,NPPB+ H2O2 and NFA+H2O2 have significant difference in cell viability and apoptosis rate(P

Objective To explore the similarities and differences in amplitude of low frequency fluctuation ( ALLF) between patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia and offspring of schizophrenia patients.Methods ALFF values were estimated by measuring the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent ( BOLD) signal using resting state function-al magnetic resonance imaging ( rs-fMRI) .The fMRI date were acquired from 23 patients with first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia (SZ), 25 offsprings of schizophrenia patients (OS) and 29 age -and gender -matched health controls ( HC) .The ALFF value of each subject was calculated by MATLAB-based DPARSF software.Results Compared with HC, the ALFF values of SZ and OS were significantly different in the left posterior part of the inferior temporal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus, left hippocampus, right postcentral gyrus and bilateral precuneus.The ALFF values were not signif-icantly different between these two groups in the aforementioned regions.Compared with OS and HC, the ALFF values of SZ were significantly different in the left anterior part of the inferior temporal gyrus, left temporal pole and bilateral calcarine cortex.But there was no significant difference between OS and HC.Conclusions The brain function is abnormal in pa-tients with early schizophrenia and offspring of schizophrenia patients.The significant difference of ALFF in the left posterior part of the inferior temporal gyrus, left parahippocampal gyrus, left hippocampus, right postcentral gyrus and bilateral pre-cuneus may suggest the heredodiathesis-related brain functional alterations.Significant difference of ALFF in the left ante-rior part of the inferior temporal gyrus and the left temporal pole bilateral calcarine cortex may suggest the disease-related brain alterations.

Totally, 125 elderly inpatients with aspiration pneumonia (AP) were enrolled from departments of respiratory medicine and neurology at Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan during June 2005 to October 2009 for analysis. Results showed that listlessness was manifested in 70 cases (56%), primary neurological illness in 80 cases (64%), 57 of them (46%) complicated with respiratory failure and 26 died with case-fatality of 21%. Main pathogen for them was Gram-negative bacillus, accounting for 57% of the total. Two kinds or more of antibiotics had ever been administered in 98 cases (78%), with an average length of antibiotics use for 28 days, ranging from one day to 128 days. Nasal feeding was instituted for those with choking over their feeding and coughing, and their inspired feeding was aspirated from the trachea or bronchi and lavished with bronchoscopy, with 38 cases by tracheal intubation, 26 by tracheotomy and 42 with artificial ventilation. Their average duration of hospital stay spanned 28 days with an average cost of 25 000 RMB yuan per capita, significantly higher than that for those with common pneumonia. In conclusion, clinical features of these elderly patients with AP were not so typical, most of them manifest severe, with lots of medical cost and bad prognosis.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on the efficacy of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) with morphine after elective radical gastrectomy. Methods One hundred and twenty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 41-64 yr weighing 50-80 kg undergoing elective radical gastrectomy were randomly divided into 2 groups of 60 patients, according to the composition of PCIA solution:group I morphine (group M)and group Ⅱ morphine + dexmedetomidine (group MD). In group M the PCIA solution contained morphine 100 mg in 200 ml of normal saline (NS), while in group MD the PCIA solution contained morphine 100 mg+dexmedetomidine 200 μg in NS 200 ml. PCIA was started immediately after operation. A loading dose of 6 ml was given iv at the end of operation. PCIA setting was as follows:background infusion 1 ml/h, bolus dose 3 ml and lockout interval 10 min. VAS score was maintained at ≤4 and Ramsay score at 2-3. The total amount of morphine consumed, the number of attempts and successfully delivered doses within 24 and 48 h after operation were recorded. Postoperative complications including nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, hypotension, oversedation and respiratory depression were recorded. Results The total amount of morphine consumed, the number of attempts and successfully delivered doses within 24 and 48 h after operation were significantly smaller and the incidence of nausea and vomiting and pruritus was significantly lower in group MD than in Sroup M. No bradycardia,hypotension, oversedation or respiratory depression was observed in either group. Conclusion Dexmedetomidine added to intravenous morphine PCA can improve the analgesic efficacy after radical gastrectomy with less adverse effects.

Objective:To determine the function of miR-30b in the metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Methods:RT-qPCR was performed to test miR-30b expression in 20 fresh primary colorectal cancer tissues and their corresponding adjacent tissues. Transwell and wound healing assays were performed to test the invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells after miR-30b overexpression or inhibition. Bioinformatics assay was performed to predict miR-30b targets. Western Blot and Dual Luciferase reporter assay were per-formed to test the expressions of Snail and downstream target genes in colorectal cancer cells. Results:The results reveal that miR-30b expression decreased in cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. Transwell and wound healing assays reveal that miR-30b overex-pression inhibited cell invasion and migration, whereas miR-30b inhibition promoted the invasion and migration of colorectal cancer cells. Bioinformatics analyses reveal that miR-30b targets the 3'-UTR of Snail. Dual Luciferase reporter assay confirms that miR-30b af-fects the 3'-UTR of Snail. Western Blot analyses show that Snail and Vimentin expressions were significantly downregulated, whereas E-cadherin expression obviously increased after miR-30b overexpression. However, Snail and Vimentin expressions increased, but E-cadherin expression decreased after miR-30b inhibition. Conclusion:The miR-30b gene is downregulated in colorectal cancer tis-sues. The miR-30b protein may be important in the regulation of cell invasion and migration by targeting Snail in colorectal cancer cells.

Objective To observe the effects of endobronchial decimeter wave therapy on ventilation func-tion of patients with the constrictive endobronehial tuberculosis (EBTB). Methods Forty-four EBTB patients weredivided into an experiment group and a control group. All the patients of the two groups were treated with generalchemotherapy, the patients of experiment group accepted endobronehial decimeter wave therapy at the same time. Thepurulent secretion or caseous necrosis of the diseased region was drawn-off from the bronchi lumina by bronchoseope,then the antenna of the decimeter wave irradiator was inserted into the diseased region through the biopsy pore to per-form the radiation. The vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the 1st second and maximal voluntary ventilationwere tested before and 60 days after the operation. Results Endobronehial decimeter wave therapy significantly re-duced the constriction of bronchi, improved the lung ventilation function, and relieved the anhelation symptom of pa-tients in the experiment group to a significantly larger extent than those in the controls group (P< 0. 01 ). Moreover,the therapeutic effects of endobronchial decimeter wave therapy were more significant for the endomembrane tuberculo-sis with pulmonary closure due to ulcerous necrosis or granulation hyperplasy ( P < 0. 05 ) , but ineffective for the atro-phy due to fibrous constriction. Conclusion Endobronchial decimeter wave therapy could reduce the incidence oflung closure in endomembrane tuberculosis and improve lung function.

Problem-based learning (PBL), which originated in foreign countries, advocates the core idea of multidisciplinary integrated learning, which coincides with the trend of curriculum integration in current medical education. First, this article systematically introduces the process of PBL in the organ system integrated course which is conducted in Nanshan College of Guangzhou Medical University. Second, this article discusses the teaching results and reflection so as to provide reference for the continuous localization reformation of PBL and further medical curriculum integration in college and university.