OBJECTIVE:To discuss the economic efficiency of original equipment manufacture(OEM)on drugs.METH?ODS:The economic efficiency of OEM on drugs was evaluated on the basis of transaction cost theory by analyzing the realistic and economic significance of OEM on pharmaceuticals and combining the current situation of supervision.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The OEM on drugs should be encouraged at the proper time,by which the problem of repeated construction and low percentage of utilization of asset will be solved,and the rationalization of pharmaceutical industrial organization should be realized.

Enamel pearl is an ectopic enamel, which usually occurs in the root bifurcate or approaching enamel-cementum site of the first maxillary molar. A case of multiple enamel pearls on the left maxillary third molar is reported in this paper, and relevant literature was reviewed.
Dental Cementum ; Dental Enamel ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Molar ; Molar, Third ; Tooth Root

Objectives:To study the soft tissue profile characteristic in the early permanent dentition with Class Ⅲ malocclusion, and then to analyze the relationship between hard and soft tissue. Methods: 50 normal occlusion and 50 Class Ⅲ malocclusion children were examined cephalometrially with the lip at rest. Results:Compared with the normal occlusion group, All measurement except 9 soft tissue variables and 1 hard tissue variables was statistically significant with t-test in the Class Ⅲ malocclusion group (P

As an important segment in the talents' cultivation of medical English major,practical education assumes a positive role in promoting the students' unity of knowing and doing,upgrading their professional kills and improving comprehensive qualities.Taking English major (medical English direction) of Chongqing medical university as an example,the present study attempts to discuss the forms and contents of the practical education,along with the fruitful achievements,in view of students'interests,community service,horizon expanding as well as job hunting and further study pursuing.In addition,some reflections and measures are presented to further boost the practical education.

Objective:To investigate the effect and the mechanism of electroacupuncture(EA)on corpus striatum white matter injury in rats with focal cerebral ischemia(FCI).Methods:Forty-four specific-pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal group(n=10),a sham-operation group(sham group,n=10),and a modeling group(n=24)using the random number table method.The normal group was a blank control.In the sham group,only the vessels and vagus nerve were isolated without embolization.The FCI rat model in the modeling group was replicated using the middle cerebral artery occlusion embolization method.The 20 successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into a model group and an EA group,with 10 rats in each group.Rats in the model group did not receive further treatment.Rats in the EA group received EA stimulation at Baihui(GV20)and the left Zusanli(ST36)24 h after the successful modeling,30 min each time,once a day for 14 d.On the 14th day of the experiment,rats in each group were scored for neurological deficits and then sacrificed,and brain tissues containing corpus striatum around the ischemic focus were paraffin-embedded from 5 rats in each group.Luxol fast blue(LFB)staining was used to detect damage changes in the white matter.The positive immunoreactive expression of myelin basic protein(MBP),myelin-associated growth inhibitor A(Nogo-A)and its receptor(NgR)in rat corpus striatum tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry staining,and then the protein expression of MBP,Nogo-A,and NgR in the corpus striatum tissue around the ischemic focus was determined by Western blotting.Results:Compared with the normal group and the sham group,the model group had a significantly higher neurological deficit score(P＜0.05)and fiber bundle injuries in the corpus striatum white matter,evidenced by a significantly lower mean optical density value of corpus striatum LFB staining(P＜0.05),a significantly lower MBP expression level(P＜0.05),and significantly higher Nogo-A and NgR protein expression levels(P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,the neurological deficit score was significantly lower(P＜0.05),the mean optical density value of LFB staining was significantly higher(P＜0.05),the MBP expression level was increased(P＜0.05),and the expression levels of Nogo-A and NgR proteins were decreased(P＜0.05)in the EA group.Conclusion:EA reduces the ischemia-induced corpus striatum white matter injury and improves neurological deficits.The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Nogo-A/NgR activation.

Objective To study the relationship of the plasma levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),adrenomedullin(ADM),brain natriuretic peptide(BNP)and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)with severity of heart falure, the left ventricular ejection fraction and the relationship among them in the elderly patients with congestive heart failure(CHF). Methods The blood samples were obtained from 50 patients with congestive heart failure and 24 healthy controls.The plasma level of hs-CRP was measured by immunoturbidometry.The plasma levels of ADM and BNP were determined by radioimmunoassay.The plasma levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured with ELISA.Left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)was measured by echocardiography. Results The plasma levels of hs-CRP, ADM ,BNP and MMP-2,MMP-9 had significantly negative correlation to LVEF(P

Objective To investigate the clinical value of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Methods The levels of above mentioned tumor markers in the BALF and serum samples of 70 patients with pathologically diagnosed lung cancer and 40 patients with benign lung diseases (BLD) were measured by electrochemiluminescence. Results The levels of 3 tumor markers in the BALF and serum were significantly higher in cancer patients than those with BLD (P

Objective:To observe the effects of liver-soothing spirit-regulating acupuncture on the behaviors and expression levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A(5-HT1AR)and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A(5-HT2AR)in the hippocampus of insomnia rats due to liver Qi stagnation. Methods:Ten of the 70 Wistar rats were randomly selected as the blank group,and the remaining rats were subjected to preparing the insomnia model due to liver Qi stagnation by the chronic tail clamping stimulation combined with intraperitoneal injection of para-chlorophenyl alanine.Fifty successful model rats were randomly divided into a model group,a grasp group,a Western medicine group,an acupuncture group,and a sham acupuncture group,with 10 rats in each group.Rats in the grasp group were grabbed in the same way as those in the acupuncture group.Rats in the Western medicine group were given estazolam solution by intragastric administration.Rats in the acupuncture group received liver-soothing spirit-regulating acupuncture at Baihui(GV20),Neiguan(PC6),Shenmen(HT7),and Taichong(LR3);rats in the sham acupuncture group received acupuncture at 4 non-meridian non-point spots.All groups were treated once a day for 7 d.Pentobarbital sleep test was used to evaluate the sleep latency(SL)and sleep time(ST)of rats in each group after 7 d of intervention;the proportion of the number of entry into the open arms(OE％)and the proportion of the residence time in the open arms(OT％)were monitored by elevated plus maze test(EPMT);the open field test(OFT)was used to monitor the numbers of standing upright,horizontal cross-grid,and fecal grains in rats.The expression levels of 5-HT1AR and 5-HT2AR in rat hippocampus were detected by Western blotting. Results:The body mass gain,ST,OE％,OT％,upright standing times,horizontal cross-grid times,and the 5-HT1AR expression level in the hippocampus were significantly decreased(P<0.01),while the SL and 5-HT2AR expression level in the hippocampus were significantly increased(P<0.01)in the model group compared with the blank group.After intervention,the body mass,ST,OT％,OE％,upright standing times,horizontal cross-grid times,and hippocampal 5-HT1AR expression level were significantly increased(P<0.01 or P<0.05),while the SL and hippocampal 5-HT2AR expression level were significantly decreased(P<0.01 or P<0.05)in the acupuncture group and the Western medicine group compared with the grasp group.Compared with the Western medicine group,OT％,SL,and hippocampal 5-HT1AR expression level were significantly increased in the acupuncture group(P<0.05).The body mass,OT％,OE％,ST,upright standing times,horizontal cross-grid times,and the 5-HT1AR expression level in the hippocampus were significantly increased(P<0.01),while the SL and 5-HT2AR expression level in the hippocampus were significantly decreased(P<0.01)in the acupuncture group compared with the sham acupuncture group. Conclusion:Liver-soothing spirit-regulating acupuncture can not only improve sleep but also improve the abnormal behaviors and mood of insomnia rats due to liver Qi stagnation,and the improvement effect on abnormal mood is better than that of Western medicine.The mechanism may be related to the regulation of 5-HT1AR and 5-HT2AR

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of a two-step infusion therapy with meropenem against noso-comial multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Methods 112 elderly patients with nosocomial multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were randomized into two groups:two-step infusion therapy group ( rapid first-step infusion in 30 minutes and slow second-step infusion in 2.5 hours) and traditional 30 minutes infusion therapy group.The antibiotic clinical efficacy and bacteriological efficacy were observed between two groups .Results The clinical efficacy of observation group and control group were 82.2%(46/56) vs 57.1%(32/56).The difference was statistically significant(χ2 =10.185,P<0.05);The bacteriological efficacy of observation group and control group were 75.0%(42/56) vs 46.4%(26/56),The difference was statistically significant (χ2 =10.265,P<0.05). Conclusion The clinical efficacy and bacteriological efficacy of two-step infusion therapy with meropenem against nosocomial multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmo -nary disease were superior to the traditional therapy .

Objective To explore the MR features of granulomatous mastitis and to improve the diagnosis of the disease.Methods MR findings of 1 1 patients with granulomatous mastitis confirmed by pathology were retrospectively reviewed.Results Nine (81.82%)lesions showed regional or diffused hyperintensity on T2 WI with heterogeneous gridding features.2 (18.18%)lesions showed mass-like enhancement and 9 lesions showed non-mass-like enhancement.Of 9 (81.82%)lesions with non-mass-like en-hancement,the enhancement patterns included diffused in 2 (18.18%)cases,regional in 4 (36.36%)cases,multiple-regional in 2 (18.18%)cases,and focal in 1 (9.09%)case,respectively.All the lesions showed early heterogeneous enhancement,and clumped-ring enhancement was seen in 6 lesions.The signal intensity of the lesions was increased and more uniform in the later stage.The time-signal intensity curve was type I in 7(63.64%)cases,type II in 3 (27.27%)cases and type III in 1 (9.09%)case.The mean ADC value was (1.82±0.1 7)×10 -3 mm2/s,and there was no significant difference between lesions and normal regions (t=1.766, P >0.05).Concomitant signs included barymastia,thickening of skin,edema surrounding the lesions,and axillary lymph node en-largement.The BI-RADS category was 3 degree in 1 (9.09%)case,4a degree in 5 (45.45%)cases,4b degree in 2 (18.18%)ca-ses,4c degree in 2 (18.18%)cases and 5 degree in 1 (9.09%)case.The misdiagnosis ratio was 54.55%.Conclusion Granuloma-tous mastitis has certain characteristic MR features.The misdiagnosis ratio of granulomatous mastitis is high.Therefore,clinical data should be referred when making diagnosis.