Mai is the important concept in TCM and this term has been found in the early classic work of TCM. With the development and perfection of TCM theory, the original meaning of mai is "blood vessels entirely distrusted in the body". In five dynasties, the meaning of it was supplemented as "distribution of qi and blood in five zang and six fu organs to the four extremities", in which, not only blood but also qi has been included. With the constant understanding on mai, qi and blood, the unique concept of meridian and collateral is gradually generated. In terms of the modern study on the original meaning of mai and the academic evolution of meridian and collateral, it is discovered that qi is predominated and distributed in meridian and collateral as compared with blood. It is very significant to study the original meaning and academic evolution of mai, as well as the origin of the concept of meridian and collateral and to provide the reference support for the terminology standardization and basic study.
Acupuncture ; history ; China ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Medicine in Literature ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history ; Meridians ; Qi ; history ; Terminology as Topic

BACKGROUND:WIF-1 is a tumor suppressor gene. Promoter hypermethylation causes WIF-1 down-regulationin most tumors. DNA methylation inhibitor can lead to gene demethylation and restore its expression. OBJECTIVE:To observe the differences of tumor pathology and, WIF-1 mRNAand proteinchanges using WIF-1 or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine demethylation in animalmodels of osteosarcoma.
METHODS:Murine osteosarcoma models were established and divided into three groups. In the control group, no treatment was given. In the 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine group, an appropriate amount of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine was injected ineach mouse daily. In the WIF-1 group, an appropriate amount of Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway inhibitor WIF-1 was injected in each mouse daily. Seven days after medication, the weight of nude mouse was weighed every 7 days. Short tumor diameter (a) and the long diameter (b) were measured. Therelative tumor volume was calculated. The relative growth rate of tumor was calculated at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days. Four nude mice from ach group were sacrificed by puling the neck at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days after medication. Tumor tissues were stripped and the weight of them was weighed. Pathological analysis of the tumor was conducted. The expression of WIF-1protein and WIF-1 mRNA was detected in osteosarcoma at 56 days after medication in the three groups.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Compared withthe medication and control groups, the weight of nude mice was increased at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days in the treatment group. No significant difference was found between the medication and control groups. (2) The tumor size was significantly smaler in themedication group than in the control group. WIF-1 mRNA and WIF-1 protein expression was increased in the medication group compared with the control group to different degrees. (3) Results suggested that WIF-1 gene promoter methylation is one of the mechanisms of the development of osteosarcoma. Use of WIF-1 or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine demethylation can inhibit tumor growth in animal models of osteosarcoma.

Objective To estimate the incidence of drop out of treatment in patients with access to methadone maintenance treatment and explore the correlation and interaction between insufficient methadone dosage and morphine positive urine on the drop out in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.Methods Face to face interview was conducted in 1 031 patients at 3 methadone maintenance treatment clinics in Guangxi.Results The study included 1 031 participants,40.6％ of them (419/1 031) had stopped treatment.The drop out rates in urine morphine positive group and methadone dosage ＜ 100 mg/d group were 57.6％ (99/172) and 37.4％ (347/929) respectively,higher than those in urine morphine negative group and methadone dosage ≥ 100 mg/d group (42.3％,363/ 859,and 26.5％,27/102).Orderly logistic regression analysis results showed that after adjusted factors,such as gender,age,marital status,ethnic group,patients who received a dosage less than 1 00 mg/day (OR=3.05,95％CI:1.84-5.06) and had morphine positive urine (OR=2.25,95％CI:1.59-3.19) were more likely to drop out of the treatment.Interaction analysis showed that dosage less than 100 mg/d and morphine positive urine during treatment had additive interaction (RERI=256.46,AP=0.87,S=8.05) and multiplication interaction (OR=2.45,95％CI:1.71-3.49).Conclusion Insufficient dosage and morphine positive urine were significantly correlated with drop out of treatment in patients with access to methadone maintenance treatment.

Objective:To analyze and learn about the dose to the lens of the eye of interventional radiology workers in some hospitals in shaanxi province from 2018 to 2020.Methods:From 2018 to 2020, three tertiary hospitals in shaanxi province were selected to monitor the dose to the lens of the eye of interventional radiology workers for three consecutive years. Monitoring was made for 152 person times, lasting for a monitoring period of 3 months. Analysis and comparison were carried out of dose equivalents to the interventional radiology workers in terms of different sexes, positions and departments, together with associated influencing factors during the three years.Results:The difference in equivalent dose between the three years is statistically significant ( χ2=29.15, P<0.05), and a downward trend in the average annual equivalent dose was found from 2018 to 2020. The number of interventional radiology workers who received doses to the lens of the eye mainly between MDL and 5.0 mSv accounted for 69.08%. The difference in the average annual equivalent dose in different positions and departments was statistically significant ( H=18.44, 22.55, P<0.05). The average annual equivalent dose to doctor was higher than for nurses and technicians ( Z=-3.36, -3.02, P<0.05). The average annual equivalent dose in cardiovascular medicine department was higher than in other departments, with statistically significant difference ( Z=-2.58, -3.76, -3.40, P<0.05). Logistics regression analysis showed that radiation working hours, positions, routine personal doses, workload and exposure time are the factors that affect the average annual equivalent dose. Conclusions:The annual equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of interventional radiology workers in shaanxi province meets the relevant national standards. However, the annual dose to some radiological workers has a normal high value. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the continued monitoring of the dose to the lens of the eye of the interventional radiology workers, and adjust the types of work for the workers based on radiation work hours, position, routine personal dose, workload and exposure time, so as to effectively reduce the dose level of the eye lens.

Objective:To analyze the results of occupational health examinations of radiation workers in Shaanxi Province, and to provide basis and reference for effectively conduct occupational health monitoring.Methods:From April 2016 to January 2022, a questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the basic information on occupational health examinations of qualified radiation workers in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2021. Based on the abnormal rate of occupational health among radiation workers, 1018 people were randomly selected using a cluster stratified sampling method to analyze the occupational health examination results of different positions, types of work, gender, length of service, and exposure doses.Results:The chromosomal aberration rates of peripheral blood lymphocytes among radiation workers in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2021 were 0.26% (10/3876), 0.77% (27/3512), 0.16% (16/10153), 0.09% (13/14769), 0.10% (13/13399), and 0.12% (20/16671), respectively. The abnormal rates of thyroid ultrasound examination were 32.33% (150/464), 24.46% (649/2653), 55.24% (786/1423), 32.89% (888/2700), 35.69% (1475/4133), and 42.51% (1993/4688), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the abnormal rates among different years ( P<0.05). The abnormal rate of renal function examination in male radiation workers was higher than that in females ( P<0.05). Compared with non medical users, the abnormal rates of renal function, thyroid function, and blood routine examination in medical radiation workers were higher ( P<0.05), and the abnormal rates of renal function, thyroid function, and blood routine examination in medical applications were higher than those in radiation diagnosis, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy ( P<0.05). The abnormal rates of electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, blood pressure, thyroid function, and blood routine increased with the length of service ( P<0.05). The abnormal rates of blood pressure, liver function, kidney function, thyroid function, and blood routine examination increased with the exposure dose ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:The occupational health status of radiation workers is not optimistic. Occupational health monitoring should be strengthened, especially interventional radiation diagnosis occupational health examination, as well as changes in the indicators of sensitive organs such as eye lens and thyroid, so as to ensure the health of radiation workers.

Objective:To analyze the results of occupational health examinations of radiation workers in Shaanxi Province, and to provide basis and reference for effectively conduct occupational health monitoring.Methods:From April 2016 to January 2022, a questionnaire survey was conducted to collect the basic information on occupational health examinations of qualified radiation workers in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2021. Based on the abnormal rate of occupational health among radiation workers, 1018 people were randomly selected using a cluster stratified sampling method to analyze the occupational health examination results of different positions, types of work, gender, length of service, and exposure doses.Results:The chromosomal aberration rates of peripheral blood lymphocytes among radiation workers in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2021 were 0.26% (10/3876), 0.77% (27/3512), 0.16% (16/10153), 0.09% (13/14769), 0.10% (13/13399), and 0.12% (20/16671), respectively. The abnormal rates of thyroid ultrasound examination were 32.33% (150/464), 24.46% (649/2653), 55.24% (786/1423), 32.89% (888/2700), 35.69% (1475/4133), and 42.51% (1993/4688), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the abnormal rates among different years ( P<0.05). The abnormal rate of renal function examination in male radiation workers was higher than that in females ( P<0.05). Compared with non medical users, the abnormal rates of renal function, thyroid function, and blood routine examination in medical radiation workers were higher ( P<0.05), and the abnormal rates of renal function, thyroid function, and blood routine examination in medical applications were higher than those in radiation diagnosis, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy ( P<0.05). The abnormal rates of electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, blood pressure, thyroid function, and blood routine increased with the length of service ( P<0.05). The abnormal rates of blood pressure, liver function, kidney function, thyroid function, and blood routine examination increased with the exposure dose ( P<0.05) . Conclusion:The occupational health status of radiation workers is not optimistic. Occupational health monitoring should be strengthened, especially interventional radiation diagnosis occupational health examination, as well as changes in the indicators of sensitive organs such as eye lens and thyroid, so as to ensure the health of radiation workers.

Objective:To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of oblique vaginal septum syndrome (OVSS).Methods:The clinical data of 80 patients with OVSS admitted to The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from July 2005 to July 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the classification system of OVSS proposed by Female Genital Anomalies Study Group, Chinese Obstetricians and Gynecologists Association in 2021, the patients were divided into four groups. The clinical manifestations, accompanied urinary system abnormalities, diagnosis and treatment methods and treatment outcomes were observed.Results:According to the above classification system, among the 80 patients with OVSS, 35 patients (44%, 35/80) were categorized as type Ⅰ, 33 patients (41%, 33/80) were categorized as type Ⅱ, 2 patients (3%, 2/80) were categorized as type Ⅲ and 10 patients (13%, 10/80) were categorized as type Ⅳ. The main onset symptom of patients was periodic abdominal pain (70%, 56/80), vaginal bleeding (20%, 16/80), dysuria or fecal impaction (15%, 12/80), vaginal mucopurulent discharge (10%, 8/80). The morbidity of combined urinary system abnormalities was 88% (70/80), and the most common urinary system abnormality was ipsilateral renal agenesis (81%, 65/80). Bilateral kidneys were normal in 13% (10/80) patients, and 6% (5/80) were combined with other urinary system abnormalities. A total of 74 patients underwent vaginal oblique septectomy or septum excision. Five of the 10 patients with type Ⅳ underwent hysterectomy on the cervical atresia side, 4 patients received hysteroscopy combined with cervicoplasty+oblique septotomy or septum excision, and one patient selected delayed menstruation. Two patients underwent laparoscopic resection of the dysplasia kidney and ectopic ureter which opening to the vagina. Eleven patients with endometriosis cyst, hydrosalpinx or empyema underwent laparoscopic surgery.Conclusions:The main symptom of type Ⅰ and Ⅳ patients is abdominal pain, while the main symptom of type Ⅱ and Ⅲ patients is bleeding. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advantages in the evaluation of complex OVSS, and MRI is recommended before operation to exclude other axial reproductive tract dysplasia and complex urinary system dysplasia. If there is leakage of urine, vaginal discharge or complex deformity, it is necessary to multidisciplinary discussion and formulate a reasonable surgical plan. The first treatment is related to the prognosis of patients especially children, and should be highly valued.

Objective To reveal the prevalence and the related factors of hepatitis B (HepB) virus infection among HIV/AIDS patients.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in two HIV clinics,affiliated to local Centers of Disease Control and Prevention in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regional.A face-to-face interview,with questionnaire was conducted to collect information on socio-demographic characteristics,drug use,and sexual behavior.Blood samples were used to test HBsAg.x2 test or Fisher's exact test and unconditional logistic regression models were used to identify the influencing factors.Results The prevalence of HBV and HIV co-infection was 13.85％ (113/816).Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age (25-45),family history of HBV and history of HepB vaccination were independent influencing factors for HBV and HIV coinfection,with OR (95％ CI) as 1.738 (1.031-2.931),2.898 (1.678-5.005) and 1.744 (1.052-2.892),respectively.Conclusion The prevalence of HBV among HIV/AIDS patients was significantly higher than that in general population.HIV/AIDS patients aged between 25 and 45 and with family history of HBV were more likely to be infected with HBV,while HepB vaccination was associated with the reduction of HIV/HBV coinfection.Specific comprehensive prevention and treatment programs on HIV/AIDS patients need to be set up.

BACKGROUND: Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is a severe congenital disorder characterized by vaginal hypoplasia caused by dysplasia of the Müllerian duct. Patients with MRKH syndrome often require nonsurgical or surgical treatment to achieve satisfactory vaginal length and sexual outcomes. The extracellular matrix has been successfully used for vaginal reconstruction. METHODS: In this study, we developed a new biological material derived from porcine vagina (acellular vaginal matrix, AVM) to reconstruct the vagina in Bama miniature pigs. The histological characteristics and efficacy of acellularization of AVM were evaluated, and AVM was subsequently transplanted into Bama miniature pigs to reconstruct the vaginas. RESULTS: Macroscopic analysis showed that the neovaginas functioned well in all Bama miniature pigs with AVM implants. Histological analysis and electrophysiological evidence indicated that morphological and functional recovery was restored in normal vaginal tissues. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the neovaginas had mucosal folds characteristics of normal vagina. No significant differences were observed in the expression of CK14, HSP47, and a-actin between the neovaginas and normal vaginal tissues. However, the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) was significantly lower in the neovaginas than in normal vaginal tissues. In addition, AVM promoted the expression of b-catenin, c-Myc, and cyclin D1. These results suggest that AVM might promotes vaginal regeneration by activating the b-catenin/cMyc/cyclin D1 pathway. CONCLUSION This study reveals that porcine-derived AVM has potential application for vaginal regeneration.

Background With the change of the national energy development layout, Qingyang has seen a situation where oil exploitation and agriculture go hand in hand, which may lead to local soil pollution if not taken seriously. Objective To evaluate the distribution characteristics, possible sources, and ecological risks of heavy metals in farmland soils around the main production areas of Changqing Oilfield. Methods A total of 60 farmland soil samples were collected from Zhengning County, Zhenyuan County, and Qingcheng County of Qingyang City, and the contents of heavy metals such lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) in farmland soil were detected according to GB 15618-2018 Soil environmental quality—Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land (on trial). The soil background value of Gansu Province was used as the denominator in the calculation of pollution index, and the pollution characteristics and ecological characteristics of selected five heavy metals in farmland soil were evaluated by single-factor pollution index (P_i), Nemerow comprehensive pollution index (P_N), and potential ecological risk index. Results The levels of Pb, As, and Hg in farmland soils around Changqing Oilfield, the levels of Cr and Cd in Qingcheng County, and the level of Cd in Zhengning County were higher than the corresponding soil background values of Gansu Province, but lower than the national soil environmental quality standard. The single-factor pollution indexes (P_i) were: Hg, 2.14; Pb, 1.24; As, 1.13; Cr, 0.78; Cd, 0.67, which indicated that Hg were graded as moderate pollution, Pb and As were slight pollution, and Cd and Cr were not polluted. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution indexes (P_N) were: Cr, 0.92; Cd, 1.08; As, 1.20; Pb, 1.68; Hg, 3.85, which indicated that Cr was graded as no pollution, Cd, Pb and As were mild pollution, and Hg was severe pollution. The variation coefficients of Hg and Cd in Zhenyuan County and that of Hg in Qingcheng County were 60.00%, 50.00%, and 50.00%, respectively, which were all greater than 50%, indicating that the pollution of above heavy metals in the location was subject to human activities. The potential ecological risk indexes (E_r) of Pb, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg were 6.20, 1.55, 20.05, 11.28, and 81.64, respectively, indicating that Hg was graded as strong ecological risk, and the other four heavy metals were mild ecological risk. The comprehensive potential ecological risk index (R_RI) was 124.48. Combined with the potential ecological risk index of Hg, the comprehensive potential ecological risk of the five heavy metals in local farmland soils was considered to be at a strong ecological risk level. Conclusion Although the average values of selected five heavy metals in farmland soils surrounding the main production areas of Changqing Oilfield are qualified with the national soil environmental quality standards, they exceed corresponding soil background values of Gansu Province, and there are signs of human influence and potential ecological risks of different degrees.