Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in the control of HIV-1 infection and replication. HIV-1 evades CTL mediated pressure through viral escape mutations within targeted CTLs epitopes or flanking regions, but this process is usually associated with a viral fitness cost. The mutated epitopes may weaken the level of the original CTL responses, however, the immune system holds potential to mount denovo responses towards those newly emerged epitopes. This article briefly summarizes recent research progress regarding the competition between HIV-1's escape mutations and host CTL responses.
Animals ; HIV Infections ; genetics ; immunology ; HIV-1 ; genetics ; immunology ; physiology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Mutation ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic ; immunology ; virology

Effective treatments of acute ischemic stroke include the specialist wards (stroke units) with multidisciplinary treatment team receiving treatment and intravenous thrombolytic therapy.However,only a few patients can receive these treatments.Telestroke can improve the thrombolytic rate of acute ischemic stroke on site in hospitals for lacking of specialists and enable stroke care maintained at a high level in rural areas.This article reviews telestroke in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and the roles of nurses in telestroke.

Objective To design a mini medical image processing software for the doctor to observe digital image of the patient.Methods Based on the analysis of DICOM,VC was used to program for medical image fetching and multiple images processing,and OpenGL was applied to three-dimensional reconstruction.Results The doctor could process medical image through the PC,and economic burden of the patient was lightened.Conclusion The free software,being easy to use,can be adopted as the transitive product for digital hospital.

Objective To investigate the gastric empty and electrogastrogram(EGG) in patients with renal insufficiency before and after hemodialysis, and to study the enteric nervous system (ENS) in experimental acute renal failure rats.Methods The comparisons of gastric emptying and EGG before and after hemodialysis were carried out in 15 patients with uremia who have gastrointerstinal symptoms. Acute renal failure models were also established. The neuroplexus of ENS and levels of some gut hormones were investigated. Results The EGG and gastric emptying were abnormal in patients with uremia before hemodialysis, but improved after dialysis. The neuroplexus of ENS with positive nitric oxide synthase(NOS) staining in rats with acute renal failure was significantly decreased. The levels of gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and motilin in rats with acute renal failure were (159.1?55.6)?g/L, (121.6?48.9)pg/L, and (6.32?3.55)pmol/L, respectively, which were significantly different from those of the control group(P

Based on the characteristics of salt.alkalinized soil in northeastem China,twenty-five kinds of salt alkaline conditions with different salinities and pH were simulated by mixing NaCl,NaHCO3,Na2SO4,and Na2CO3,in various proportions and applied to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings to investigate the coordinative effects of salt and alkali stresses on its antioxidant enzyme system.The soil was conditioned with a salt concentration range between 50 to 250 mmol/L and pH values from 7.12 to 10.46.Several physiological indexes of stressed seedlings were measured,including the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT),and pemxidase (POD),as well as the content of malondialdehyde (MDA).The results showed that the responses of the antioxidant enzyme system in sunflowers were influenced by salinity and alkalinity,which all three antioxidant enzymes exhibited a rise-drop pattern as salinity increased,whereas their responses to alkalinity appeared to be diverse:decreased for SOD and CAT,and increase for POD along when increasing alkalinity.A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effects of salinity and alkalinity on the activities of the three enzymes were significant (P＜0.001).The effect of salinity on POD and SOD was greater than that of alkalinity,whereas the effect of alkalinity on CAT was greater than that of salinity.The interrelation of salinity and alkalinity on each antioxidant enzyme was significant (P＜0.001) except for SOD.The correlation and stepwise regression analyses between the activity of the antioxidant enzyme system and the MDA content were significant to difierent extend,SOD was a dominant factor,and POD was neglectable.

Objective: To analyze the relationship of adenoid and upper airway morphology with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children, and to observe the efficacy of predicting OSAHS. Methods: Totally 109 children aged 1-10 years who received nasopharyngeal CT volume scanning were enrolled and divided into OSAHS group (n=20) and non-OSAHS group (n=89). After 3D reconstruction of all CT images, the shape and size of adenoid and the morphology of upper airway (including nasopharyngeal volume, nasal space, airway narrowest area, upper and lower diameter as well as left and right diameter) were evaluated. The shape and size of adenoid and the morphology of upper airway were compared between 2 groups, the relationships with OSAHS were analyzed, and the efficacy of combination of which for predicting OSAHS were evaluated. Results: Statistical differences of nasopharyngeal volume, nasal space, upper airway narrowest area, upper and lower diameters and left and right diameters (t=2.07, 4.55, 3.96, 3.62, 3.48, all P<0.05), also of adenoid hypertrophy and adenoid morphology (χ2=24.43, 12.94, both P<0.05) were found between 2 groups. Adenoid hypertrophy and OSAHS were more likely to occur in children with smaller nasal space, airway narrowest area and left and right diameter. Adenoid hypertrophy was a risk factor for OSAHS. The AUC, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of combination of adenoid and upper airway morphology in prediction of OSAHS was 0.91, 90.00%, 79.78% and 81.65%, respectively. Conclusion: Adenoid hypertrophy is a risk factor of OSAHS. Combination of adenoid and upper airway morphology has good efficacy for predicting OSAHS in children.

Objective: To explore the relationship of children adenoid and nasopharyngeal volume using upper airway model established with CT volume scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction technology, and to analyze the impact of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods: Nasopharyngeal CT images of 109 children were collected. After reconstruction of all images, the size of adenoid (A/N value) and nasopharyngeal cavity volume were measured and calculated. The children were divided into normal group and hypertrophic group according to A/N value, also OSAHS group and non-OSAHS group according to whether had OSAHS or not. The indexes were compared between normal group and hypertrophic group. The correlation of A/N value and nasopharyngeal cavity volume in different genders and ages were analyzed, and the impact of OSAHS on the relationship of A/N value and nasopharyngeal cavity volume was observed. Results: Nasopharyngeal volume of hypertrophic group ([3 111.67±1304.73]mm3) was smaller than that of normal group ([4 960.55±2 036.14]mm3,P<0.01). A/N value of hypertrophic group (0.69±0.11) was greater than that of normal group (0.45±0.97, P<0.01). The nasopharyngeal volume was negatively correlated with A/N value in both genders (rmale=-0.43, rfemale=-0.42, both P<0.01). The correlation coefficient of A/N value and nasopharyngeal volume in children <5 years old (r=-0.43) was less than that in children aged 6-10 years old (r=-0.49), and of OSAHS group (r=-0.60) was higher than of non-OSAHS group (r=-0.33). Conclusion: Negative correlation of adenoid size and nasopharyngeal cavity volume exists, which is of age difference. Compared with non-OSAHS children, adenoid size is obviously correlated with nasopharyngeal cavity volume in children with OSAHS.

Objective To quantitatively evaluate the difference in global longitudinal strain(GLS)and global circumferential strain (GCS)of three-layers of cardium between diabetes mellitus (DM)patients using layer-specific speckle-tracking imaging.Methods Fifty-seven DM patients and sixty matched controls were enrolled in the study.GLS and GCS of three-layer cardium were assessed using layer-specific speckle-tracking imaging,available by GE Vivid E9 and EchoPac workstation.Results GLS of three-layer cardium in DM patients were significantly lower than those in normal controls (all P <0.05).GCS of endo-and mid-cardium were significantly lower in DM patients than in normal controls (P < 0.05 ).There was no statistical difference of GCS of epi-cardium between the two groups (P > 0.05 ).GLS and GCS of three-layer cardium was highest in endo-cardium and lowest in epi-cardium.Conclusions GLS of three-layer cardium may be a sensitive indicator of early left ventricular systolic dysfunction in DM patients with normal ejection fraction.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture at the motor points of antagonistic muscles plus rehabilitation training in treating post-stroke strephenopodia. Method Seventy patients with post-stroke strephenopodia were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 35 in each group. The two groups both received conventional medication and Bobath rehabilitation; while the treatment group was additionally given electroacupuncture at the motor points of antagonistic muscles, and the control group was given regular acupuncture. The modified Ashworth scale (MAS), the maximum eversion range of ankle joint, and the surface electromyography (the root-mean-square, RMS) were observed before and after intervention.Result The MAS scores were changed significantly after intervention in both groups (P<0.05). After intervention, there was a significant difference in comparing the MAS score between the two groups (P<0.05). In the two groups, the maximum eversion range of ankle joint and RMS were significantly changed after the intervention (P<0.05). After intervention, there were significant differences in comparing the eversion range and RMS between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Electroacupuncture at the motor points of antagonistic muscles plus rehabilitation training is an effective approach in treating post-stroke strephenopodia, and it can improve the spasm and motion of ankle joint, and promote the walk ability.

Objective To investigate the effects of low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on motor function and excitability of motor cortex in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and to study the mechanism of PD from the electrophysiology. Methods Twenty-eight patients with PD received 1 Hz rTMS therapy for 15 d. Thirty normal volunteers were enrolled as controls. Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and motor evoked potential (MEP) were adopted as assessment indicators. The excitability of motor cortex was assessed by rest motor threshold (RMT), central motor conduction time (CMCT) and the amplitude of MEP. Results The initial RMTs and CMCTs of PD patients were significantly lower than those of the controls, but MEP amplitudes were not significantly different. After rTMS treatment, motor function of PD patients improved, RMTs increased and CMCTs prolonged. Conclusion In PD patients, motor function disorder and increased motor cortical excitability were observed. Low frequency rTMS may inhibit these changes to some extent.