The effects of exogenous Na-DL-3-hydroxybutyate (3-HOBNa)and insulin(I) on skeletal muscle protein metabolism in rats inflicctcd with 37% TBSA full thickness scalding were studied It was found that the scrum acctoacctatc (AcAc) of the burned animals showed no significant difference from the control on the 4th day postburn,but the free fatty acid (FFA) decreased markedly and the urinary 3 - methylhistididne(3-MH) excretion and the protein de -gradation rate of the soleus muscle of the injured hind limb increased na kedly.Infusion of 3-HOBNa for 3 consecutive days following burns could lower the urinary 3-MH excretion and the protein,degradation rate of the soleus muscle with no significant influence on the skeletal muscle protein anabolism.Moreover,investigations revealed that there was no syncrgistic effect of insulin-kctone body combinalioan on the anti-catabolic capacity in burned rats.

One hind leg(7 %TBSA)of the rat was scalded and the changes of the reduction-oxidation state and protein degradation in the soleus muscle were observed 72 hours postinjury both in vitro and in vivo.It was found that the lactate/pyruvate (L/P) and malate/pyruvate(M/P)ratios of the soleus muscle were significantly lower and the protein degradation rate much higher in the scalded leg than in the unscalded legs and the control.After the addition of insulin to the medium significant elevation of L/P and M/P ratios and reduction of the protein degradation rate in the soleus muscle could be observed.There findings suggest that there is a good correlation between the changes of the reduction-oxidation state and the protein degradation rate in the cytosol of the soleus muscle after scalding in the rat.

Objective　To observe the effects and mechanism of TNFα and IL-1 on protein catabolism of skeletal muscles of mice in the early stage of severe burn. Methods　A BALB/c mice model was established with full thickness scalded of 18%～20% TBSA including the back and one hind limb. The catabolic rate of protein of soleus muscle was reflected with the net tyrosine releasing rate. The changes of the tyrosine releasing rates of the injured and uninjured limbs, the levels of TNFα and IL-1 of the plasma and soleus muscle, and the activities of lysosomal proteolytic enzymes were observed in 72 h after scald injury of the mice. Results　After injury, the levels of TNFα and IL-1 of plasma, injured and uninjured limbs were all increased, and reached the summit at the 48th h, but those of the injured limb were much higher than those of the uninjured one, then gradually the levels were decreased in 72 h. The protein catabolic rate of uninjured limb was higher than the normal at h 48, but it came to normal level at h 72. The rate of the injured limb was higher than that of normal and uninjured limbs significantly 72 h after the scalding. hrTNFα and hrIL-1 enhanced the protein catabolic rate and the activities of lysosomal protrolytic enzymes in the soleus muscle of normal mice in vivo and in vitro respectively. Conclusion　In the early stage of scald injury, TNFα and IL-1 could enhance the lysosomal protease activity, increase the protein catabolic rate in skeletal muscle and promote the negative nitrogen balance directly. These effects may not depend on the actions of emergent hormones.

The spirit of contract, with freedom, equality and reciprocity of power and responsibility as basic connotation and containing credit consciousness, is the core content of the concept of rule of law. People′s desire for justice, recognition of fairness, reliance on integrity contained in the concept of rule of law all originate from the spirit of contract, such as contract party's expectation of fairness, performance of obligation, abiding by the valid contract. Not only does the concept of rule of law reflect the essence requirement of the spirit of contract, but also is the external form of realization. Therefore, in order to enhance the concept of rule of law of the college students, it is a certain choice to cultivate the spirit of contract. However, the current paths to cultivate the spirit of contract are mainly theoretical research, environmental influence and system perfection.

Objectives:To compare the effect of defferent routes of nutritional support on the 26 S proteasome. Methods:The means of immuno precipitation deduction,ELISA and fluore photomction were used to test the change of activities,contents of the 26 S proteasome and the rate of protein degradation in skeletal muscle of scalding rats with the animal model of enteral feeding and parenteral nutrition. Results:Compared with parenteral nutrition,enteral feeding could markedly reduce the activity and content of the 26 S proteasome,and the release of tyrosine was also lowered. Conclusions:The early enteral feeding can distinctly inhibit the system of 26 S proteasome,and reduce the protein degradation in skeletal muscle in bruned rats.

To elucidate the mechanism of negative nitrogen balance after burns, immuno precipitation deduction was used to observe the changes in the activity of 26S proteasome and 19S regulator in skeletal muscle of rats inflicted with 30%TBSAⅢ o burns. The protease activity, ATPase activity of 26S proteasome,as well as 19S regulator in skeletal muscle of rats were markedly enhanced on the second day after scald. It is suggested that burn injury could activate the 26S proteasome in skeletal muscle, in turn enhance the degradation of protein , which is associated with negative nitrogen balance following scald

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of monitoring the neuremuscular blockade intraoporatively by transcutaneous electrical stimulation at the P6 acupuncture point. Methods Thirty-five patients, ASA Ⅰ - Ⅲ, BMI≤35 kg/m2 scheduled for abdominal surgery were selected. Anesthesia was induced by sufentunil 0.2-0.3 μg/ kg iv, propofol 2,5-3.5 mg/kg iv. Neuromuscular monitoring was performed by TOF Watch SXR at the P6 acupuncture point on the left forearm and ulnar nerve on the right. The current intensity and gain were recorded frem all the patients;onset time, recovery time of TOF ratio 25% and TOF ratio 90% of atrucurium were also obtained by TOF stimulation on the P6 acupuncture point and the ulnar nerve in patients who were administered a single bolus of atracurium 0.5 mg/kg iv during operation. Controlled ventilation commenced after endotracheal intubation. Results There were no significant differences between the P6 acupuncture point and the ulnar nerve in stimulus intensity or gain ( P > 0.05 ). There were no significant differences between the P6 acupuncture point and the ulnar nerve in onset time, recovery time of TOF ratio 25% and TOF ratio 90% (P > 0.05).Conclusion Transcutaneous electrical stimulation at the P6 acupuncture point can be used to monitor neuromuscular blockade intraoperafively.

In order to study the role played by infection in the occurrence and mechanism of negative nitrogen balance of the skeletal muscles in the early stage of scalding,37% TBSA full thickness scalding was inflicted on the back and one hind leg of rats and the protein catabolic rate in the soleus muscle of both the scalded and healthy legs was determined and the effects of endotoxin on the catabolic rate were observed.It was found that the protein catabolic rate was markedly accelerated in the scalded soleus 3 days after iujusy;and showed no significant changes in the healthy one,in which the protein catabolic rate was near or similar to that of the normal control.After 2 mg/kg of endotoxin was administered intraperitoneally.the findings were as follows:(1)Endotoxin could also accelerate the protein catabolic rate in the skeletal muscles;(2)The protein catabolic rate in the scalded soleus was not further increased and no summation effect of scalding and endotoxin on protein catabolism occurred.

Objective:To evaluate the role of miR-146a in hippocampal inflammatory responses in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in mice.Methods:One hundred and sixty clean-grade male C57BL/6 mice, aged 12-16 weeks, weighing 22-28 g, were divided into 5 groups ( n=32 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), group POCD, miR-146a agomir group (group Ag), miR-146a antagomir group (group At) and negative control group (group NC). The mice were subjected to an intramedullary fixation for tibial fracture under 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia to establish POCD model.At 2 days before operation, miR-146a agomir 0.5 nmol (0.1 nmol/μl) was injected into bilateral hippocampi in group Ag, miR-146a antagomir 2.5 nmol (0.5 nmol/μl) was injected in group At, miR-146a negative control solution 2.5 nmol (0.5 nmol/μl) was given in group NC, and the animals in group C did not receive any treatment.At 1 day before operation and at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation, open-field test was performed to evaluate spontaneous motor activity, and contextual fear conditioning test was performed to evaluate cognitive ability 15 min later.At 1 and 3 days after operation, the animals were sacrificed and hippocampi was removed for determination of expression of CD11b (a marker for activation of microglia) in hippocampal CA1 region by immunofluorescence staining.At 6, 12 and 24 h after operation, the expression of miR-146a was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was determined by Western blot and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 contents were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results:There was no significant difference in the total exploring distance in the open-field test or percentage of freezing time in tone-fear conditioning test at each time point among the five groups( P>0.05). Compared with group C, the percentage of freezing time in the contextual fear conditioning test was significantly decreased at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation, the expression of CD11b at 1 and 3 days after surgery and expression of miR-146a, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB p65 and TNF-α were up-regulated and the contents of IL-1 β and IL-6 were increased at 6, 12 and 24 h after operation in group POCD ( P<0.05). Compared with group NC, the percentage of freezing time in the contextual fear conditioning test was significantly increased at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation, and the expression of CD11b was down-regulated at 1 and 3 days after surgery, and the expression of miR-146a, IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB p65 and TNF-α was up-regulated and IL-1β and IL-6 contents were decreased at 6, 12 and 24 h after operation in group Ag, and the percentage of freezing time in the contextual fear conditioning test was decreased at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation, the expression of CD11b at 1 and 3 days after surgery was up-regulated, the expression of miR-146a was down-regulated and IRAK1, TRAF6, NF-κB p65 expression was up-regulated at 6, 12 and 24 h after operation, TNF-α expression was up-regulated and IL-1β and IL-6 contents were increased at 12 and 24 h after operation in group At ( P<0.05). Conclusion:miR-146a is involved in the process of hippocampal inflammatory responses, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of IRAK1-TRAF6-NF-κB signaling pathway in mice.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between the levels of microRNA-125b (miR-125b) and miR-181c in cerebrospinal flnid (CSF) before joint replacement and postoperative delirium (POD) in elderly patients.Methods Fifty-two patients of hoth sexes,aged ≥ 65 yr,weighing 45-70 kg,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ,scheduled for elcctive hip or knee replacement under spinal anesthesia,were included in the study.CSF was collected after successful puncture to measure the levels of miR-181c and miR-125b by fluorescent quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.The patients were divided into POD group and non-POD group using the Chinese reversion of Confusion Assessment Method on postoperative days 1 and 2.Results The incidence of POD was about 28％ in the patients underwent hip or knee replacement.Compared with non-POD group,the preoperative level of miR-181c in CSF was significantly increased (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the preoperative level of miR-125b in CSF in POD group (P＞0.05).Conclusion The level of miR-181c in CSF before joint replacement is related to POD in elderly patients,and the preoperative level of miR-181c in CSF is a risk factor for POD.