Extracellular vesicles (EV) are widely distributed, rich in content, and fully participate in the regulation of important cellular physiological activities. As a new technology for tumor diagnosis, the natural advantages of EV include protecting its contents, being easy to obtain from various biofluids, having the potential to be truly non-invasive and high tissue fidelity. In order to transfer EV for clinical use, many isolation technologies such as microfluidics, immunochips, nano-flow cytometry and acoustic capture have been continuously developed. At present, several EV tumor diagnostic products have been applied in the clinical setting. However, due to the great differences in detection methods and platforms, there are still some technical difficulties in its clinical applications. With the accumulation of clinical evidence and the continuous improvement of clinical diagnostic methods, the liquid biopsy based on EV can finally be applied in the clinic.

Based on a study of the relationship between research hospitals and furthering of the healthcare reform,the authors hold that a key to the ongoing reform lies in building the hierarchical medical system,an objective in building and development of research hospitals as well.Furthering of the reform will highlight advantages of such hospitals,as they can play an important role in leading practice with theoretical innovation,translating frontier technology to clinical use,promoting the system to serve primary care,and upgrading quality effectiveness at general level.

BRAFV600E mutation is the most common genetic alteration in the papillary thyroid carcinoma.It plays an important role in the tumorigenesis,invasiveness and metastasis of the papillary thyroid carcinoma.Testing of BRAFV600E mutation is of great value in diagnosis,which also can be used as a prognostic maker of papillary thyroid cancer.Inhibitors treatment targeted to BRAF kinase and its downstream effectors is a new area in the treatment of BRAFV600E mutated thyroid cancer.

TSH suppression therapy plays an important role in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. It can lower mortality and recurrence rate in high risk patients. Meanwhile, it also has potential side effects on cardiovascular and skeletal systems. Thus, TSH suppressive therapy should be individualized in regard to its possible benefit and potential adverse effects.

Objective To investigate the cause of reoperation for high differentiated thyroid carcinoma and the risk factors of neck lymph node metastasis in reoperation. Methods Retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of 54 high differentiated thyroid cancer patients from 1998 to 2005, who received reoperation and neck lymph node dissection simultaneously. Results The residual thyroid carcinoma rate and lymph node metastasis rate were higher in 39 patients who initially received partial thyroidectomy than in 15 who previousely underwent radical operation(P <0. 05). Age less than 45 years, lymphadenectasis before initial operation, tumor residued or relapsed, muhicentricity of primary cancer and blurred boundary between cortex and medulla of lymph node were the risk factors for ipsilateral lymph node metastasis(P <0. 05), while mul-ticentricity of primary cancer and contralateral thyroid cancer were the risk factors for contralateral lymph me-tastasis (P < 0. 05). Conclusions Individual standard radical operation and necessary lymph node dissection are important measures to prevent recurrence and reoperation. Completion thyroidectomy and modified or selec-tive neck dissection are recommended for reoperation patients with the risk factors of lymph node metastasis.

As a new type of intercellular signaling rector, extracellular vesicles (EV) are involved in almost the whole process of tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, EV have become the ideal biomarker candidates and research hotspots for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, EV tumor biomarker research mainly focused on RNA and protein, and a small part of the research focused on lipids at the early stage. EV DNA has received little attention and its diagnostic value has gradually been recognized in recent years. Study on the biological characteristics and function of EV DNA may highlight its potential in tumor diagnosis.

Objective To study the effects of different type of parathyroid damage to the postoperative functional recovery of parathyroid,through establish an animal model by simulating total thyroidectomy and parathyroid damage during surgical operation.Methods Experimental rabbits for the study were randomly divided into A,B,C,D four groups (n =8),Group A (control group):simple exposure,exploration thyroid and parathyroid;group B (vascular injury group):total thyroidectomy and ligation bilateral parathyroid blood supply but keep the surrounding membrane;Group C (membrane damage group):total thyroidectomy and damage membrane but reservations blood supply.Group D (composite damage group):total thyroidectomy plus membrane and blood both damage;All animals were monitored of serum calcium and PTH,preoperative 1 days and postoperative 1 st day,3rd day,5th day,7t day;cut the parathyroid HE staining to observed survival of parathyroid tissue and pathology damage when 7th day after operation.Results (1) Animals in each group preoperative serum calcium and PTH were no significant difference (P ＞0.05);(2)Group A postoperative serum calcium decreased,but at 5th day returned to preoperative level (P ＞ 0.05);Group B and C postoperative 1st day,3rd day,5th day serum calcium decreased significantly(P ＜ 0.05)and to the lowest at 1 d and then gradually recovered,but group C faster recovered than group B (P ＜ 0.05);Group D postoperative 1 st day,3rd day serum calcium continued to decline significantly (P ＜ 0.05);(3) Group A postoperative serum PTH decreased,but at 7th days returned to preoperative level (P ＞ 0.05).Group B and C postoperative 1st day,3rd day,5th days serum PTH decreased significantly(P ＜0.05)and to the lowest at 1 d and then gradually recovered,but from postoperative 3rd day group C faster recovered than group B(P ＜ 0.05);Group D postoperative 1 st day,3rd day serum PTH continued to decline significantly (P ＜ O.05);(4) Pathology results:Group A parathyroid filled with chief cells and a small amount of vacuolar changes (5％ to 10％);Group B parathyroid hemorrhage,necrosis (40％ to 50％),part of the cell degeneration (30％ to 40％),center with fibrosis,seen granuloma and hyperplasia of parathyroid tissue in surrounding;Group C parathyroid bleeding (10％ to 20％),part of the cell degeneration (10％ to 20％);Group D parathyroid severe necrosis,almost no normal parathyroid tissue,significant fibrosis,less residual parathyroid tissue was scattered.Conclusions (l) The recover of Parathyroid function is influenced by the type of parathyroid in situ injury during thyroidectomy,composite damage of blood supply and membrane of parathyroid is the most serious,parathyroid ischemia necrosis,the function can not be restored,pure blood supply damaged,some can restore function,and the parathyroid gland with vascular pedicle can be recovered quickly.(2) Severe blood supply and membrane damaged,and even free parathyroid should be transplanted immediately during operation.

Objective To discuss the influence of preventive calcium supplementation on the recovery of parathyroid glands function after total thyroidectomy.Methods 232 patients meeting the selected criteria were randomly assigned to group A and B,and then divided into group A1 (87 cases,PTH ＞8 pg/ml)and A2 (30 cases,PTH ＜8 pg/ml),group B1(83 cases,PTH＞8 pg/ml)and B2(32 cases,PTH ＜8 pg/ml) based on the lowest parathyroid hormone( PTH )value within 3 days after surgery.All patients in group A were immediately supplemented 10％ calcium gluconate intravenously 6 g/d after operation.For group B,post operative calcium supplementation was not given,however,anyone whose PTH ＜ 8 pg/ml was supplemented 10％ calcium gluconate intravenously 6 g/d no matter hypocalcemia occurred or not.The level of serum calcium and PTH of all patients were assayed before operation and at the 1st,2nd,3rd day,1st week and 1st month after operation.In additon,patients with hypocalcemia received serum calcium and PTH detection at the 2nd and 3rd week.Whether hypocalcemia and hypoparathyroidism occurred or not was recorded.Results ( 1 )The serum PTH was obviously higher in group A1 than in group B1 at the 1st week after operation( P ＜0.05 ).The serum calcium was obviously higher in group A1 than in group B1 at the 1st,2nd,3rd day and 1st week after operation(P ＞0.05).The hypocalcaemia and symptomatic hypocalcaemia incidence were obviously lower in group A1 than in group B1 (P ＜ 0.05 ).(2)① Group A2 had obviously higher level of serum PTH than group B2 at the 1 st,2nd,and 3rd week after operation ( P ＜0.05 ) and returned to normal level of serum PTH earlier than group B2.② Group A2had obviously higher level of serum calcium than group B2 from the 1 st day to the 3rd week after operation ( P ＜ 0.05 ) and returned to normal level of serum calcium earlier than group B2.③ The hypocalcaemia and symptomaic hypocalcaemia incidence ware obviously lower in group A2 than in group B2 (P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion The preventive calcium supplementation is beneficial for the recovery of the function of parathyroid glands after total thyroidectomy.

Objective To study the clinical value of peritoneal cavity non-drainage after the operation of acute perforating appendicitis.Methods 196 patients with perforating appendicitis were randomly divided into drainage group and non-drainage group.The incidence rates of wound infection and ankylenteron and hospital durations in the two groups were observed and compared with each other.Results The incidence rate of wound infection and ankylenteron were 19.0%,10.7% in the drainage group and 8.0%,4.5% in the non-drainage group respectively(P0.05).The mean postoperative hospital stay of the drainage group was(9.3?2.7)days,which was significantly longer that of the non-drainage group(5.1?1.9)days,P

Objective To establish a rat model of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by intraperitoneal injection of pancreatitis associated ascitic fluids (PPAF) and perforative peritonitis ascitic fluids (PAAF).A secondary objective is to study the non-specificity of acute lung injury induced by PAAF.Methods Acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) model and perforative peritonitis (PP) model were established in 120 rats,from which the PAAF and PPAF were collected.Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into three groups:normal saline (NS) group,PAAF group,and PPAF group.Within each group,they were randomly sacrificed at 7h and 12h of surgery.The pathological severity of the lung injury,wet/dry ratio,MPO (myeloperoxidase) in lung,and apoptosis rate of pneumocytes were evaluated and analyzed.Results Lung injury,wet/dry ratio,MPO in lungs,and cell apoptosis were significantly higher in the PAAF group and PPAF group than in the NS group (P＜0.01).However,there was no significant difference between PAAF group and PPAF group (P＞0.05).Conclusions Both PAAF and PPAF can induce acute lung injury in rats by intraperitoneal injection.However,the acute hung injury induced by PAAF has limited specificity.