The location, shape and internal architecture of the sinoatrial node (SAN) were studied histologically in serial section in 15 hearts (7 adults, 8 foetuses). Based on our observation, the human SAN may be divided into four layers, namely, (1) thesinoatrial node artery layer: its outer longitudinal muscular layer of its media partly lacked in the SAN concentrically; (2) the periarterial layer: the cells of this layer surround the artery concentrically; (3) the central layer, making up the main mass of the node: most P cells in which are arranged parallel to the node artery. In adult the diameter of P cells in this layer is 5.18 ?m; (4) the peripheral layer: most transitional cells in this layer radiate from SAN into the atrial muscle. These "tongues of transitional cells" extend mostly into right atrial-muscle and a few into the musculature of superior vena cava. The diameter of transitional cells of this layer in the adult is 7.28 ?m. In the adult the arrangement of dense collagen fibers appears circular in the periarterial layer, longitudinal in the central layer and radiative in the peripheral layer. According to the location, layers of sinoatrial node and the arrangement of the connective tissue, the functional significance and morphological basis of the re-entry are discussed.

Objective To study the effect of SMART principle on the management of nursing research in hospitals. Methods The SMART principle was used in the management of nursing research,including the development,specification and verification of research goals as well as supervision of the process.The number of nurses having published research papers and the number of published papers were calculated during November 2008 to November 2011. Result The number of published papers went down but the number of scientific research papers went up in the year of 2003.Conclusion The SMART principle is effective for promoting the quality of nursing research.

OBJECTIVE:To summarize the experience of pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacists of Chinese medicine for AIDS sufferers in our hospital.METHODS:The practical experience of pharmacists of Chinese medicine in providing pharmaceutical care for AIDS sufferers in our hospital was analyzed to achieve rational knowledge from perceptual knowledge.RESULT:To carry out pharmaceutical care for AIDS patients by applying expertise achieved satisfactory effect.CONCLUS-ION:Pharmacists of Chinese medicine should strive to establish a new open pharmaceutical care model,attach great importance to the communication with patients,integrating psychotherapy and humanistic care into the pharmaceutical care all along so as to assure patient's compliance.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the method and approach for traditional Chinese pharmacists to play an active role in case of emergent epidemic situation. METHODS:Taking the opportunity of H1N1 flu treatment,the traditional Chinese pharmacists carried out pharmaceutical services such as drug counseling,establishing medication history for typical cases,offering guidance and advice on medication,retrospectively analyzing prescription and consulting records. RESULTS & CONCLUSION:In the differential treatment,pharmacists of traditional Chinese medicine should take full account of patients' individual differences,actively participate in the design of individualized dose scheme and offer medication guidance so as to enhance patients' medication compliance meanwhile enhancing the status of pharmacists of traditional Chinese medicine.

AIM To investigate the effect of allicin on the regulation of VEGF mRNA expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. METHODS Hepatocellular carcinoma cells were treated with the concentration 10 ?g?L -1 allicin in culture medium,and then the relative VEGF mRNA level at 8 h in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells was evaluated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using HPRT(hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase)as an internal control standard. RESULTS The expression of VEGF gene mRNA was inhibited obviously by allicin. Compared with control group, the relative expression level of VEGF gene mRNA was decreased by about 66 36%( P

Objective To investigate the roles of sphingosine kinasel (SPK1) in apoptosis,invasiveness and multidrug resistance of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line BEL-FU.Methods BEL-FU cells were infected with adenovirus carrying SPK1wT gene and SPK1siRNA (Ad-H1-SPK1) gene.Their effects on biological characteristics of BEL-FU cells were evaluated by MTT,cellular SPK enzyme activity assay,Transwell Migration Technology and Western-blot,respectively.Results AdSPK1wT significantly increased SPK activity but SPK1siRNA(Ad-H1-SPK1) decreased SPK activity.Over expression of SPK1 suppressed the apoptosis induced by DMS(Dimethyl sphingosine,DMS) and enhanced migration of BEL-FU cells.The cells infected with SPK1 siRNA( Ad-H1-SPK1)significantly increased the apoptosis induced by DMS and inhibited the migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.The expression of multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP1) of cells infected with SPK1siRNA (Ad-H1-SPK1) was suppressed significantly compared with the control group,while the expression of MRP1 infected with Ad- SPK1wT was enhanced.Conclusion SPK1 activity is closely associated with apoptosis、migration and multidrug resistance of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells,therefore,it may serve as a new target for HCC treatment.

The single molecule imaging and technologies that developed in 1990 s have successfully probed the dynamics of single molecule enzyme catalysis in real time in vitro. Ever since then, single molecule enzymology has entered the golden age of rapid developing. Individual features of each enzyme hidden in the overall average have been discovered, and many new catalytic mechanisms have been proposed. Single molecule enzymology sheds light on the dynamic interactions between enzymes and substrates or products, deepening the understanding of biochemical reactions. This review described the recent research progresses of single molecule protease and ribozyme.

Objective To study CT-guided localization of additional pulmonary nodules with microcoils prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) resection in patients with suspected lung cancer.Methods Eleven patients suspected lung cancer underwent preoperative microcoils localization towards additional small pulmonary nodules.The head of microcoil was pinpointed adjacent to the target nodule while its end tail remained above the visceral pleura.VATS were performed within 24 hours, and comprehensive assessments were conducted according to surgical and pathological outcomes of primary and additional lesions, and suitable surgical processes were followed.Results All 11 localizing pulmonary nodules (4-15 mm in diameter) were successfully removed after VATS, 9 microcoils'' end tails of which were placed above visceral pleural surface.There were no serious complications related with localizing procedure.Other 16 lesions including 11 primary ones were resected.The surgical and pathological outcomes for lung lesions were utterly assessed.Conclusion Microcoil preoperative localization provides helpful orientation for complete resection and assessment of multiple pulmonary lesions in patients with suspected lung cancer.

Objective To evaluate the etiology and clinical features of jejunoileum bleeding.Methods Seventy-two patients admitted in 7 hospitals of Shangdong province for jejunoileum bleeding from January 1998 to December 2008 were enrolled in the study. There were 46 males and 26 females with mean age of 47 years (ranged 13-85 years). The jejunoileum bleeding was confirmed by means of endoscopy, images or surgery. The causes, diagnostic methods and major clinical manifestations were retrospectively analyzed. Results The most frequent cause of jejunoileum bleeding was tumor (42/72,58.3 %), followed by enteritis (9/72, 12.5 %), diverticulum ( 7/72, 9. 7%), angiopathy (7/72,9.7%), Crohn's disease (3/72,4.2%). Differences were significant in constituent ratio of cause of jejunoileum hemorrhage between male and female and between jejunum and ileum (P＜0.05).Hematochezia or hematochezia with abdominal pain was the first presentation. The jejunoileum bleeding in 54. 2% patients was diagnosed by laparotomy, 23. 6% by capsule endoscopy, 9.7% by selective angiography, 6.9% by small bowel series and enteroclysis, 2.8% by colonoscopy and 2.8% by push enteroscopy. The complications of jejunoileum bleeding were anemia, intestinal obstruction,peritoneal metastasis, shock, ankylenteron and intestinal perforation. Conclusions Intestinal tumor is the most common cause in jejunoileum bleeding, especially in jejunum. Whereas the enteritis,diverticulum and angiopathy were often found in ileum. The capsule endoscopy and push enteroscopy are recommended in diagnosis of jejunoileum bleeding.