TCM literature in Qing Dynasty has the characteristic of a huge quantity, a great variety, a complete taxon and an extensive spreading. Of TCM literature in other Dynasties, it has the most quantity and makes the later generation know the development of medicine in Qing Dynasty. TCM literature and development of TCM can promote each other, the development of TCM promote the publish of TCM books, on the other hand, the publish and spreading of TCM books promote the development of TCM.

Objective To investigate the effect of acute injury caused by surgery on spatial learning and memory and the underlying mechanism. Methods Ninty-eight healthy SD rats of both sexes weighing 300-350 g were randomly divided into 3 groups: (A) control group received neither anesthesia nor surgery ( n = 14); (B) anesthesia group received intraperitoneal fentanyl 0.2 mg?kg-1 and droperidol 5 mg?kg-1 only ( n = 42) and ( C) splenectomy group received splenectomy under fentanyl and droperidol anesthesia ( n = 42) . Y-maze test was performed to assess the ability of spatial learning and memory in group A and on the 1 st, 3 rd and 7 th day after anesthesia or surgery in group B and C. Seven rats were killed immediately after Y-maze test in group A and on the 1 st, 3 rd and 7 th day after anesthesia (in group B) and surgery (in group C) , and hippocampus was immediately removed for determination of the expression of TNF-? and IL-1? mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (Western blot). Results The voltage of electric stimulation was significantly higher in group C on the 1st day after surgery than in group B on the 1st day after anesthesia and in group A. The time spent to learn and remember in Y-maze test was significantly longer in group C on the 3 rd than in group B on the 3 rd day and in group A. The expression of TNF-? mRNA and IL-1? mRNA and protein was significantly higher in group C than in group B on the 1st day and in group A.Conclusion Splenectomy can impair the spatial learning ability for a short time after surgery. The increase in the expression of TNF-? mRNA and IL-1? mRNA and protein in hippocampus may play a role in the mechanism.

Objective:To investigate the effects of enflurane on antioxidant ability in ischemic preconditioned rat hearts in vitro. Method:Ninety-six SD rat hearts were perfused with Langendorff device. All hearts were randomly allocated to four groups:Control, enflurane group receiving 40 min of enflurane (1.5MAC),ischemic preconditioning group undergoing two 5-min ischemia and 10-min reperfusion, enflurane + ischemia group receiving enflurane (1.5MAC) for 10 min before ischemia preconditioning procedures. All groups underwent 25-min ischemia and 30-min reperfusion. Left ventricular pressure (LVP), heart rats (HR)and ischemic contracture pressure (ICP) were monitored. Myocardial superoxide dismutase(SOD)and malodialdehyde(MDA)were measured before ischemia, 15min following ischemia and 30 min following reperfusion. Result: Treated groups had better myocardial functional recovery of contractility compared to control groups,with preconditioning being better than enflurane (P

Objective To investigate the effects of partial hepatectomy on spatial learning and memory abilities and the expression of spinophilin,which was used as a marker to quantify changes in dendritic spine density in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice.Methods 3-month-old and 6-month-old male APP/PSI transgenic mice and 3-month-old wild-type male littermates were divided into five groups based on their genetic background:3-month-old control (group A,n =8),anesthesia (group B,n =32),surgery (group C,n =32),littermates control(group D,n =8),6-month-old control (group E,n =8).According to the different time points at day 1,3,7,14 after anesthesia or surgery,group B and C were divided randomly into 4 subgroups:B1,B3,B7,B14 and C1,C3,C7,C14.The spatial learning and memory abilities were detected by Morris water maze test in each group at the corresponding time points.Meanwhile,spinophilin expression was detected by Western blot and Immunocytochemistry in the hippocampus.Results Compared with the same time point subgroup B,the latency to find a hidden platform was longer and the frequency of passing through the platform was decreased in Group C at day 3,7,14(P ＜ 0.05).No significant differences were found among group A,group D,and group B (P ＞ 0.05).The grey value and Western blot relative integrated optical density of spinophilin in group A(1 609 453 ±92 801/0.471±0.015),approached the Group D(1 329 398.4±77 783/0.434±0.008)(P＞0.05),were significantly increased compared with that(801 678 ± 10 505/0.053 ± 0.003) in group E (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the Group A,the same time point subgroup B and subgroup C14,the grey value and Western blot relative integrated optical density of spinophilin were decreased in Group C at day 1,3,7 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Partial hepatectomy can impair spatial learning and memory abilities of the APP/PS1 transgenic mice,which is closely related to the decrease expression of spinophilin in hippocampus.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression ofα1-antichymot-rypsin (α1-ACT)in plasma and postoperative cognitive dysfunction(POCD).Methods The cognitive function of 64 patients undergoing operation under general anesthesia was evaluated by a battery of cognitive assessment instruments(BCAI)and the levels ofα1-ACT were measured at the time 1 d pre-operatively and 7 d and 3 months postoperatively.The patients were randomly divided into two groups:30 patients in ulinastatin group (group U)were injected with 10 000 U/kg ulinastatin,which was dissolved in 100 ml saline,within 20 min at the time of 30 minutes before induction;while control group (group C)were injected with the same volume saline.Results There was no significant differ-ence between the expression of α1-antichymotrypsin in patients with POCD and in control patients at the time before operation.Compared with control patients,the levels of α1-ACT in patients with POCD at the time of 7 d and 3 months postoperation were significantly higher (P <0.05).The levels of α1-ACT at 7 d postoperation were significantly higher than that preoperatively in both groups (P <0.05).The incidence of POCD in group U were significantly lower than that in group C,at the time of 7 d and 3 months after surgery (P <0.05).Conclusion POCD is associated with high expression of plasma α1-ACT.

Objective To study the influences of hepatolobectomy on space learning capability and the expressions of Drebrin and PSD95 in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Methods A total of fifty-four 3-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mouse were randomly divided into 3 groups:3-month-old control group,sham surgery group,hepatolobectomy group,3-month-old littermates control group and 6-month-old control group.Morris water maze test was used to observe space learning capability on the 1st,3rd,7th,14th day after surgery,meanwhile the expressions of Drebrin and PSD95 in hippocampus were measured by Western blotting.Results Compared with the sham surgery group,the results of the Morris water maze test were decreased in hepatolobectomy group at day 3,7,14 after surgery [(62.9±6.9) s vs.(35.7±12.2) s,(66.3± 9.5) s vs.(39.3±8.3) s,(67.1±7.5) s vs.(32.6±14.1) s],and 6-month-old control group [(75.9±12.1) s] (all P＜0.05).The escape latency were (62.9±6.9)s,(66.3±9.5)s,(67.1± 7.5)s and (75.9±12.1)s,the probe trials were (2.1±0.7) times,(1.83±1.5) times,(2.5±1.9) times and (1.8±0.8) times respectively in hepatolobectomy group at day 3,7,14 after surgery and 6-month old control group.No significant differences in the results of the Morris water maze test were found among 3-month-old control group,3-month-old littermates control group,and sham surgery group.Compared with 3-month-old control group and sham surgery group atday 1,3,7,14 after surgery the expressions of Drebrin were decreased in 6-month-old control group and the hepatolobectomy group at the same time points.Meanwhile,the expression of Drebrin in hepatolobectomy group was increasedat day 14 versus day 7 after surgery.Compared with 3 month-old control group,the expression of Drebrin was increased at day 7 after sham surgery.Compared with 3-month-old control group and sham surgery group at day 3,7 and 14,the expressions of PSD95 were decreased in hepatolobectomy group at the same time points.Compared with 3-month-old control group,the expression of PSD95 was increased in sham surgery group at 7th day (P＜0.05).Between 3 month-old control group and 3-month-old littermates control group,the expressions of Drebrin and PSD95 had no significant differences.Concltsions Hepatolobectomy can impair the capabilities of space learning and memory in 3-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice,which may be associated with the decreased expressions of Drebrin and PSD95 in hippocampus.

Objective To investigate the effect of celastrol on space learning capability and expressions of beta-amyloid (Aβ) 40 and Aβ42 in hippocampus in APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mouse after partial hepatolobectomy.Methods The 3-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice (n =96) were randomly divided into three groups according to the random number table method.Surgery group (group S, partial hepatolobectomy;n =32), celastrol group (group C, injections of dimethyl sulphoxide/DMSO and celastrol for 3 days before undergoing partial hepatectomy, on the surgery day, and for a further 4 days after surgery;n =32), and DMSO group (group D, injections of DMSO for 3 days before undergoing partial hepatectomy, on the surgery day, and for a further 4 days after surgery;n =32).Eight mice were selected randomly in each group and were Morris-water maze trained for continuous 5 days.Theirs learning and memory abilities were evaluated at 1,3, 7 and 14 d after surgery, respectively.Hippocampus was collected and the changes of β40 and Aβ42 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at the time set in advance in each group.Results The average escape latency of group C was significantly shorter than groups S and D at 3, 7 and 14 d after partial hepatectomy (P ＜ 0.05).Times of passing through the platform groups S and D were significantly less than group C (P ＜ 0.05).The expressions of Aβ40/Aβ42 in group C were lower than group S and group D at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d after partial hepatectomy (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Through decreasing the expressions of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in hippocampus,celastrol improves the space learning capability in APPswe/PS1dE9, the double transgenic mouse after partial hepatolobectomy.

Objective: To investigate the associated factors and the independent risk factors for portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in cirrhotic patients and assess the influences of anticoagulation on esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EGVB) in these patients. Methods: From January 2012 to December 2012, 239 cirrhotic patients were diagnosed in our hospital. According to the presence or absence of portal vein thrombosis (PVT), they were divided into thrombus group (33 cases) and control group (206 cases). According to the presence or absence of EGVB in thrombus group, they were divided into bleeding group (10 cases) and non bleeding group (23 cases). According to whether anticoagulant therapy was used in thrombus group, they were divided into anticoagulant group (10 cases) and non anticoagulant group (23 cases). The risk factors of each group and its control group were observed and compared. Results: The thrombus group had a lower level of the albumin (ALB) , higher level of count of platelet (PLT), diameter of main portal vein (MPV), propotion of diabetes prevalence and history of splenectomy compared with the control group (P<0.01). According to unconditional logistic regression analysis, both the PLT and the diameter of MPV were identified as independent risk factors for PVT in cirrhotic patients (P=0.009, 0.001; OR=1.006, 16.858). There were significant differences in the degree of varicose veins and the proportion of sequential endoscopic treatment between the bleeding group and the control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the group treated with anticoagulant drugs and the group without anticoagulation were followed up and observed for 1 year, which showed no significant changes in the bleeding ratio between two groups [40% (4/10) versus 26.1% (6/23), P>0.05]. Conclusions ⑴ PLT, ALB, MPV, and a history of diabetes or splenectomy are risk factors for cirrhosis combined with PVT, and PLT and MPV are independent risk factors. ⑵ The incidence of EGVB increased with the increasing severity of esophagogastric varicose vein. The endoscopic variceal sequential treatment can contribute a significant reduction of EGVB in cirrhosis complicated by PVT. ⑶ Anticoagulant therapy may not raise the incidence of EGVB in cirrhotic patients with PVT.

Cerebral organoids are three-dimensional nerve cultures induced by embryonic stem cells(ESCs)or induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)that mimic the structure and function of human brain.With the continuous optimization of cerebral organoid culture technology and the combination with emerging technologies such as organ transplantation,gene editing and organoids-on-chip,complex brain tissue structures such as functional vascular structures and neural circuits have been produced,which provides new methods and ideas for studying human brain development and diseases.This article reviews the latest advances in brain organoid technology,describes its application in neurological diseases and advances in stroke modeling and transplantation treatment.