BACKGROUND:Currently, what we know about exosomes is that it can be produced by a variety of cel s and transfer a variety of materials, producing subsequent function of regulation.
OBJECTIVE:To review the function of exosomes in mesenchymal stem cel differentiation, in order to provide reference for further in-depth study.
METHODS:With the key words of“exosome, mesenchymal stem cel , differentiation”in Chinese and English, respectively, a computer-based search was performed for articles published in CNKI, Medline and Embase databases from January 2001 to September 2016. After the initial screening, the reserved articles were further detailed, summarized and concluded.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Exosomes are a kind of vesicles 40-100 nm in diameter, which can be secreted by a variety of cel types, containing functional products, such as functional protein, gene product, lipid and so on. As a bridge of adjacent cel s transferring functional products, exosomes are becoming an issue of concern in the microenvironment for cel interaction. In the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cel s, exosomes also play an indispensable role via pathway regulation.

Objective To investigate changes in the expression of prepro-orexin and orexin receptor-1 ( OX1R) following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion ( MCAO ) with or without preconditioning through electrical stimulation of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FNS). Methods Wistar rats were subjected to permanent MCAO and randomly divided into 5 groups: a sham-operated control group (PO), an FNS preconditioning + shamoperated control group (FNS-PO) , an ischemia group, an FNS preconditioning + ischemia group (FNS-PI) and a cerebellar fastigial nucleus injury + FNS preconditioning + ischemia group (FNL-FNS-PI). Each group was divided into 5 subgroups according to the time at which the animals were sacrificed after the MCAO ( 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h).RT-PCR was used to detect expression of OX1R mRNA, and ELISA to measure the levels of orexin-A in the hypothalamus and plasma. Results The immunoreactivity of prepro-orexin decreased significantly in the PI groups, with further decreases over time. At the 12th h after MCAO, the immunoreactivity of prepro-orexin reached a minimum.There were significant differences between the rats in the PO and FNS-PO groups. On the contrary, the immunoreactivity of OX1R increased significantly in the PI groups, with further increases continuing over time, peaking at 12 h after the MCAO. There were significant differences between the PO and FNS-PO groups. In the rats with FNS preconditioning (PI-FNS) , the decrease in prepro-orexin and the increase in OX1R were significantly inhibited compared to the PI subgroups at the 6th and 12th hour. There was no significant difference between the FNL-PIFNS group and the PI group. The expression of OX1R mRNA increased significantly in the PI group, with further increases continuing over time, peaking at 24 hours. The plasma levels of orexin-A were not significantly different among the groups, but the levels of orexin-A in the hypothalamus decreased significantly in the PI and FNL-PI-FNS groups, with further decreases continuing over time. At the 12th h after the MCAO the levels were significantly different compared with the PO and PO-FNS groups. While in the rats with FNS preconditioning (PI-FNS) , the decrease in orexin-A level was reversed and there was no significant difference compared with PO and PO-FNS groups. Conclusions The orexinergic system is altered following cerebral ischaemia. FNS preconditioning may be able to regulate these changes.

Objective To observe the influence of whole nursing model on health-related knowledge awareness and satisfaction rate of patients with liver hydatidosis receiving pericystectomy.Methods 180 patients in hospital receiving resection of liver hepatic cyst were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group with 90 patients in each group.The control group was given usual care,while the observation group received whole treatment model.The patients' health-related knowledge awareness and satisfaction rate were compared between two groups.Results The rate of health-related knowledge awareness and satisfaction about nursing work in the observation group preceded the control group.Conclusions This whole treatment model can boost the awareness rate of health-related knowledge and nursing satisfaction,which not only provides the care with full,comfortable and efficient services,but also advances the self-care capacity and cognition of disease of patients.

Objective To explore the characteristics of the gene expression in Cushing′s adrenal corticoadenoma and its associated molecular mechanism. Methods cDNA libraries of human normal adrenal and the adenoma were constructed. Large scale sequencing and bioinformatics were used. Results From the tumor library, 2089 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained with a successful rate of 98.9%. The functional distribution of the known genes in the tumor coincided with that in normal adrenal. Some synthases such as 3bHSDⅡ and P450c17A involved in steroidogenesis were expressed more highly in the adenoma than those in normal adrenal, especially 3bHSDⅡ. By comparison with the expression abundance of genes and statistic analysis, the differences were significant in 45 genes between the tumor and normal adrenal libraries. Interestingly, some genes associated with tumorigenesis, including heat shock protein 90, metallopanstimulin (MPS1), adenine nucleotide translocators etc, were highly expressed in the adenoma. However, those genes related to apoptosis and suppressing proliferation were not found in the tumor library. Conclusion The adenoma shows exuberant activities in steroid synthesis. Not only does the tumor highly express the genes associated with tumorigenesis, but also those related to apoptosis and suppressing proliferation lowly existed in the tumor.

ObjectiveTo study the teaching method of childbirth turning point and enhances teaching effect in the normal birth of the gynecology and obstetrics department teaching. MethodsAfter carting on the different form the teaching, to 382 students of Qujing medical high school, we carry on the one-to-one skill operation inspection and make the contrastive analysis of the achievement test scores of the students in the experimental group and the control group. Results There is remarkable difference between the conventional experiment teaching and the experiment teaching of adding giant pelvis ( P＜0.01 ). ConclusionThe giant pelvis's application can enhance the teaching effect enormously in the childbirth turning point teaching, and this method has the application and the promoted value.

Objective To elucidate the expression of gankyrin in human gastric cancer cells and it's role in nimesulide induced apoptosis. Methods Four human gastric cancer cell lines including MKN28 (well differentiated), AGS (poorly differentiated), MKN45 (poorly differentiated), and SGC7901(moderately differentiated) were cultured and treated with nimesulide. Nimesulide induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of the cells were detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, and confirmed by flow cytometry. The expressions of gankyrin gene and protein were further assessed by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Results Gankyrin mRNA and protein were detected in all four human gastric cancer cell lines. The proliferations of AGS and SGC7901 cell lines were significantly suppressed by nimesulide in a time-dose dependent manner. When treated with 400 μmol/L of nimesulide for 48 hours, the significant apoptosis was found in AGS cells (23.30%±2.50%) and SGC7901 cells (16.80%±1.55% ) in comparison with controls (0.57%±0.19% and 0.88%± 0.17%, respectively, all P values <0.01). Apoptosis of AGS cells induced by nimesulide was accompanied by a considerably decreased gankyrin expression that was more significant at 24 hours (0.0035±0.0014) and 36 hours (0.0980±0.0160) in comparison with controls (0.4690±0.1190, all P values<0.01). Conclusion Gankyrin expresses in human gastric cancer cell lines and may be involved in nimesulide induced apoptosis of AGS cells.

Objective To investigate the significance of MMP-9 expression in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.Methods 180 rats were randomly divided into the control group,hepatic encephalopathy 4,8 and 12h groups,45 rats in each group.In hepatic encephalopathy group,rats were intraperitoneally injected D-galactosamine (400mg/kg) with lipopolysaccharide (100μg/kg),and then the symptom was observed.Ammonia,the evans blue(EB) content,the brain water content and the MMP-9 mRNA in the brain tissue were assessed by real-time Q-PCR after 4,8 and 12h.Results 2h later the rats in hepatic encephalopathy groups began to appear the symptom.4 hours later,ammonia,the EB content,the brain water content and MMP-9 mRNA content of the hepatic encephalopathy groups began to increase [(74.27 ± 1.77) μ mol/L vs (33.85 ± 1.50) μ mol/L,F =5 983.36 ;(4.84 ±0.43)μg/g vs (3.96 ±0.48)μg/g,F =111.54; (78.63 ± 0.46)％ vs (76.07 ±0.39)％,F =737.25,and (1.037 ± 0.071) vs (0.829 ± 0.053),F =132.10,P ＜ 0.01],and with the extension of time increased obviously [(136.32 ± 3.88) μmol/L and (279.53 ± 9.78) μmol/L,F =5 983.36 ; (5.94 ± 0.35) μg/g and (6.71 ±0.50)μg/g,F=111.54;(80.50±0.32)％ and (82.14±0.30)％,F=737.25;(1.235 ±0.095) and (1.425± 0.113),F =132.10,P ＜ 0.01].Conclusion Blood brain barrier permeability enhancement and brain edema in hepatic encephalopathy rats may be related with MMP-9 mRNA increasing.

BACKGROUND:The microRNAs are involved in regulation of stem cel proliferation, differentiation and aging. To study the effect of Let-7c, a member of Let-7, on the neural differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels provides new ideas for stem cel therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Let-7c in the neural differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels. METHODS: The lentiviral vectors of Let-7c-up and Let-7c-inhibition were constructed and transfected into rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels. Optimal multiplicity of infection was screened. The cels were divided into non-transfected group, negative control group (transfected with empty virus), transfected enhancement group (transfected with LV-rno-Let-7c-up), transfected inhibition group (transfected with LV-rno-Let-7c-5p-inhibition). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels were treated with fasudil as an inducer for triggering the cels to differentiate into neurons. The fluorescence expressed by transfected cels was observed under inverted fluorescence microscope. The expression of neuron-specific markers, neuron-specific enolase and microtubule-associated protein 2, were measured by immunocytochemical method. The mRNA expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 was detected by RT-PCR. The cel viability was determined by MTT method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Under the inverted fluorescence microscope, the cels were successfuly transfected with LV-rno-Let-7c-up and LV-rno-Let-7c-5p-inhibition. Fasudil induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels to differentiate into neurons. The transfection efficiency and expression levels of neuron-specific enolase and microtubule-associated protein 2 in the transfected enhancement group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group (P < 0.05), while in the transfected inhibition group, they were lower than those in the negative control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the differentiation percentage of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels is increased by fasudil after transfection with LV-rno-Let-7c-up, and Let-7c may promote the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels into neurons.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of mutated mismatch repair gene hMSH2 and mutant p53 gene in the carcinogenesis and development of sporadic digestive tract tumors.

METHODShMSH2 gene in normal and tumor tissue of 30 digestive tract tumor specimens was examined using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) silver staining. The PCR product with an abnormal strand was sequenced directly. Mutant p53 protein in the tumor tissue was analyzed immunohistochemically.

RESULTSSix patients were identified as having mutated strands, three on hMSH2 exon 1 and three on hMSH2 exon 5. DNA sequencing revealed that all 6 patients had mutated basic groups that led to decrease in function of the hMSH2 protein. Forty percent (12/30) of patients were p53 positive. The frequency of mutated hMSH2 in p53 positive patients (41.7%) was significantly higher than in p53 negative patients (5.6%, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe mutation of hMSH2 plays an important role in the carcinogenesis and development of digestive tract tumors through stimulating p53 mutation.

DNA-Binding Proteins ; Digestive System Neoplasms ; genetics ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; MutS Homolog 2 Protein ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; genetics ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 ; analysis

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the chronic periodontitis (CP) and the depression-anxiety psychological factors. METHODS: Thirty-one patients and 29 age, gender-matched volunteers were enrolled for this study. In order to assess the depression-anxiety psychological index, the subjects filled the questionnaire regarding the demographic and socioeconomic information, the oral hygiene habit, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Self Rating Anxiety Scale(ASA). Calculus index (CI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), furcation involvement (FI) and tooth mobility were assessed at 6 sites per tooth of all erupted teeth by a manual periodontal probe. The data were analyzed by the analysis of variance, χ(2) test, and multivariable logistic step wise analysis via the software of SPSS 15.0. RESULTS: The mean CAL of the control group was 0.46 ± 0.16,the mean CAL of the moderate, high, and severe CP group was 2.84 ± 0.12, 3.51 ± 0.34, and 4.71 ± 0.51, respectively, which is significant difference between each other (P<0.01). The depression index of the volunteers, the moderate CP, the high CP, and the severe CP was 30.52 ± 3.73, 35.83 ± 7.76, 37.25 ± 6.16, 37.82 ± 5.94, respectively. The anxiety index among the 4 groups was 26.69 ± 3.55, 37.67 ± 6.31, 32.87 ± 5.54, and 35.94 ± 6.30, respectively. The depression and anxiety indexes of the periodontitis groups were higher than those of the control (P<0.01) while there was no significant difference among the 3 CP groups (P>0.05). The multivariate logistic analysis of the relationship between CP and the depression-anxiety psychological factors showed that the depression psychological factor was B=2.301,OR=9.988 while the optimistic coping style was B=-5.174,OR=0.006 in the equation of the regression. CONCLUSION The depression psychological factor was related to the progression of CP. In addition, the optimistic coping style could prevent the progression of the CP.
Anxiety ; complications ; psychology ; Chronic Periodontitis ; etiology ; psychology ; Depression ; complications ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires