Objective To explore the role of delivering programmed death (PD)-1 negative costimulation pathways in the prevention of murine BXSB lupus. Methods A recombinant adenovims containing the full-length mouse PD-L1 gene (AdPD-L1) was constructed and was introduced to the BXSB mice. The effect of immunoinhibitory receptor PD-1 on activated lymphocytes was investigated to evaluate its effect on prevention of lupus nephritis in BXSB mice. Results This intervention dramatically delayed the onset of proteinuria, effectively inhibited IgG autoantibody production, and significantly reduced hypercellularity and deposition of IgG in glomeruli, resulting in almost complete amelioration of lupus nephritis in these animals.Conclusion Our results suggest that simultaneous stimulation of PD-1-mediated pathway can potentially revent human lupus nephritis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the curative effects and side effects of hirudin in treating immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) with hematuria and minimal proteinuria in a short-term. METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-two histologically confirmed cases of IgAN with hematuria and minimal proteinuria from 1998 to 2007 were randomly divided into hirudin-treated group (peroral administration of Maixuekang capsules) and dipyridamole-treated group (peroral administration of dipyridamole). In the two groups, contrast analysis of conformation and counts of erythrocytes in urine, urine protein quantitation in 24 hours, levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and creatinine clearance rate (Ccr), blood lipid, five items of blood clotting and side effects was performed. RESULTS: After six-month treatment, the anisotrophy rate and the counts of erythrocytes in urine, and the urine protein quantitation in 24 hours in hirudin-treated group were decreased distinctly as compared with pre-treatment (P<0.01) and dipyridamole-treated group (P<0.05). On the other hand, Ccr was increased obviously in hirudin-treated group as compared with pre-treatment and dipyridamole-treated group (P<0.01). The blood lipid was also ameliorated in hirudin-treated group, but there was no significant difference. The anticoagulation effect of hirudin was better than dipyridamole (P<0.01). Efficacy assessment showed that the total response rate, complete remission rate and predominance remission rate in hirudin-treated group were higher than those in dipyridamole-treated group. Few side effects were found in both groups, and the rate of adverse reaction in gastrointestinal tract was lower in hirudin-treated group as compared with that in dipyridamole-treated group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared with dipyridamole, hirudin has superiority in kidney protection and decreasing the anisotrophy rate, counts of erythrocytes in urine and the urine protein.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects and molecular mechanism of endoplasmic reticalam stress (ERS) on albumin-induced apoptosis in renal proximal tubular cells (HKCs). MethodsWestern blot was performed to detect the relationship of the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRF78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP) with the action time and concentration of haman serum albumin (HSA). Expression levels of CHPO mRNA and protein in HKCs after CHOP siRNA transfection were examined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot respectively. Annexin-V-FITC and PI doable staining cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis of HKCs induced by HSA and influenced by CHOP siRNA. Results(1)After HKCs were stimulatde by 0, 5, 10, 20 g/L albumin for 24 hours respectively, the expression of GRP78, CHOP and HKCs apoptosis were increased with the albumin concentration (P<0.01). After HKCs were stimulated by 20 g/L albumin for 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 hours respectively, the expression of GRP78 was up-regulated at 6-hour, while CHOP and HKCs apoptosis were increased at 12-hour, and significant differences were found among groups (P<0.01). (2) CHOP siRNA significantly inhibited albumin-induced HKC CHOP mRNA and protein expression, as well as HKC apoptosis (P<0.01). ConclusionsRenal tubular cells exposed to high protein load result in EBS. ERS may subsequently lead to tubular damage by activation of pro-apoptosis factor CHOP.

Objective To explore the influence of albumin-activated renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs)on peritubular capillaries in co-culture system and its potential mechanism. Methods Endocytosis of TRITC labeled bovine scrum albumin (TRITC-BSA) by HKC was detected by laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscope. HKC or HKC transfected with cubilin (endocytic receptor of albumin) siRNA or pre-treated with rotenone was incubated with albumin(20 g/L) for 24 h respectively. Fluorescence probe technique and spectrometry were applied for determination of intracellular superoxide anion O2-and H2O2 in supematant. Then, the albumin-aetivated-HKC, pretreated-HKC with cubilin siRNA or rotenone, was cultured with HUVEC for 24 h in co-culture system respectively. HUVEC proliferation was determined by MTT and cellular apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. Tabular morphogenesis of endothelial cells was examinedby microscopy. Results TRITC-BSA uptake was obviously lower in HKC transfected with cubilin siRNA. Intracellular generation of O2-and H2O2 in culture supernatant was increased in dose-and time-dependent manner after stimulating with albumin. The levels of O2-and H2O2 were suppressed by cubilin siRNA and rotenone. In co-culture system, albumin-activated-HKC induced endothelial cells apoptosis and inhibited their capillary tubular morphogenesis. Pretreatment of HKC with cubilin siRNA or rotenone could suppress endothelial cells apoptosis and promote capillary tubular morphogenesis. Conclusions There may be a crosstalk between RTECs and peritubular microvascular endothelial cells in renal proteinurie diseases. The generation of ROS by albumin-activated RTECs may play an important role in this process.

Objective:To explore the distribution of pelvic lymph node (PLN) metastasis and the correlative dangerous factors in early cervical cancer patients.Methods:The medical records of 508 patients who underwent extensive hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy for International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage Ⅰb-Ⅱb cervical cancer in Guizhou Provincial People`s Hospital were reviewed retrospectively.Results:There were 278 patients with stage Ⅰb cervical cancer, 204 patients with stage Ⅱa cervical cancer and 26 patients with stage Ⅱb cervical cancer; the positive rate of lymph node metastasis was 16.7%(85/508), and obturator lymph node metastasis was the most common (56.6%); there were 19 patients with bilateral lymph node metastasis, accounting for 22.35%(19/85); lymph node metastasis occurred 104 times (two times for bilateral simultaneous transfer), and jumping lymph node metastasis accounted for 37.5%(39/104); common iliac lymph node metastasis accounted for 18.3%(19/104). The metastasis rate of patients with stage Ⅱa and Ⅱb (including parametrial, lymph node, ovarian and oviduct metastasis) was higher than that of patients with stage Ⅰb, and the odd ratio ( OR) was 2.30 and 2.48 respectively ( P<0.05); the metastasis rate of patients with moderately differentiated tumors was significantly higher than that of patients with well differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the positive rate of pelvic lymph node metastasis among patients with different ages and histological types ( P>0.05); the positive rate of pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with stage Ⅱa and Ⅱb was higher than that in patients with stage Ⅰb with statistically significant difference ( P<0.05); the positive rate of pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with moderately differentiated tumors was higher than that in patients with well differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors, with statistically significant difference ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Obturator lymph node metastasis is the most common in cervical cancer. The risk of lymph node metastasis is increased in patients with stage Ⅱa or moderately differentiated tumors. Jumping metastasis is also a common way of metastasis, which suggests that standard and complete lymph node resection is an important measure to ensure the curative effect.

Objective To explore the prevalence trend of male prostate cancer mortality in China during the 25 years from 1992 to 2017. Methods The age-period-cohort (APC) model and the Intrinsic Estimator (IE) algorithm were used to estimate the age effect, period effect and cohort effect of prostate cancer mortality risk in Chinese men. Results The overall mortality rate of prostate cancer in Chinese men was on the rise from 1992 to 2017, with the crude mortality rate rising from 3.39‰ to 7.17‰. The results of the APC model analysis showed that the age effect of prostate cancer mortality increased with age in Chinese men after the age of 40. The period effect was generally on the rise. The cohort effect indicated that men born in China after 1980 experienced a declining risk of prostate cancer death. Conclusions The period effect of prostate cancer mortality risk was dominant in Chinese men. Changes in lifestyle and sexual attitudes, population aging, smoking, environmental pollution and other factors may be the main reasons for the increase in the period effect. The attention should be paid to improve these aspects in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer, and at the same time the awareness rate of PSA screening should be strengthened. Comprehensive prevention with health education can help reduce overall prostate cancer mortality in men.

Hip fractures are among the most common fractures in the elderly, presenting to be a leading cause of disability and mortality. Surgical treatment is currently the main treatment method for hip fractures. The incidence of perioperative malnutrition is increased after hip fractures in the elderly due to the comorbidities, decreased basal metabolic rate, accelerated protein breakdown, weakened anabolism and surgical stress. However, malnutrition not only increases the incidence of postoperative complications, but also leads to increased mortality, indicating an important role of perioperative nursing management of nutrition for the elderly patients with hip fractures. At present, there still lacks scientific guidance and application standards on perioperative nursing management of nutrition for the elderly patients with hip fractures. Therefore, the Orthopedic Nursing Committee of Chinese Nursing Association and the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate the Expert consensus on perioperative nursing management of nutrition for elderly patients with hip fractures ( version 2023) according to evidence-based medical evidences and their clinical experiences. Fourteen recommendations were made from aspects of nutrition screening, nutrition assessment, nutrition diagnosis, nutrition intervention and nutrition monitoring to provide guidance for perioperative nursing management of nutrition in elderly patients with hip fractures.